SYNOPSIS 


S1TDIES  IX  3OJTAZOAN  PARASITOLOOY 

UK 

McMANKS  LABOHATORY  OF  PATHOLOCV 

IS   THE 

!\  KKS1TV  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


ALLEN  J.  SMITH,  M.D. 


ONIVEHSm    "F  I'KNNSYLVANIA  MKD1CAL   i'.l  Li 


lirprintcd  from  the  I'nivcrsit  y  of  IViinsv  IV.IIHM  Medical  Biillotin, 
I'Vbruary,  1(K)S. 


SYNOPSIS  OF  STUDIES  IN   METAZOAN  PARA- 

SITOLOGY  IN  .Mc.MANES  LABORATORY 

OF  PATHOLOGY,  IM\  KKSITY 

OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 

BY  ALLEN  J.  SMITH,  M.D., 
I'rofessorof  I'lit/mlnt/i/,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 


THE  publication  of  statistical  lists  such  as  follows  is  more 
rmmnon  in  the  journals  of  special  scientific  societies  than  in 
the  usual  medical  journals;  but  in  the  present  instance  the 
writer  hopes  to  justify  himself  by  the  fact  that  the  UNIV.  OF 
I'EN.NA.  MKD.  Hn.i.ETiN  is  the  official  organ  of  the  institution 
in  which  these  studies  were  made,  and,  too,  by  his  desire  to 
keep  in  proximity  this  list  of  records  with  the  special  de- 
scriptions  of  new  parasites  included  and  published  in  this 
same  journal.  For  the  most  part,  the  parasites  submitted 
for  examination  have,  because  of  the  correspondence  of 
findings  with  already  published  descriptions,  been  merely 
named  without  other  comment  than  the  numbers  of  record 
and  a  statement  of  their  habitat  and  host,  and  an  acknowl- 
edgment of  the  person  who  collected  the  specimens.  For 
further  reference,  should  this  in  any  case  be  desired,  the 
reader  may  consult  the  books  of  the  laboratory,  in  which  the 
details  of  the  various  examinations  are  preserved.  The 
value  of  such  synoptical  lists  lies  mainly  in  the  aid  they 
give  parasitologists  in  determining  the  range  of  occurrence 
of  parasites,  the  variety  of  hosts  in  which  they  have  been  met, 
and  their  habitat  in  the  host;  and  it  is  for  this  reason  that 
they  should  be  of  public  record. 


Much  of  the  material  has  been  placed  at  the  disposal  of 
the  writer  by  the  Laboratory  of  Comparative  Pathology 
of  the  Philadelphia  Zaological  Gardens,  the  specimens 
having  for  the  most  part  been  obtained  at  autopsy  of  animals 
which  have  died  in  the  Gardens  during  the  service  of  Dr. 
C.  Y.  White  as  pathologist,  or  of  Dr.  Herbert  Fox,  his 
successor.  A  number  were  collected  by  Dr.  J.  J.  Repp,  in 
Iowa;  others  were  obtained  from  the  hospital  of  the  Veteri- 
nary Department  of  this  university;  and  the  remainder, 
mainly  parasites  from  the  human  body  or  from  laboratory 
experiment  animals,  have  been  referred  by  various  physicians 
or  were  collected  by  the  writer.  The  list  includes  studies 
made  since  1903,  but  is  by  no  means  a  complete  one,  as  in 
the  early  part  of  the  intervening  period  such  parasitological 
studies  were  not  recorded  save  occasionally,  and  since  then 
often  no  record  has  been  made  of  common  and  well-known 
specimens.  The  numbers  in  brackets  refer  to  the  accession 
books  of  the  laboratory  (''Path.  Hist.,—-")  or  museum 
("Path.  Mus.,  — -");  and,  when  known,  the  number  of 
the  host  in  the  records  of  the  laboratory  of  the  Zoological 
Gardens  ("P.  Z.  G.  Lab., — ")  is  also  indicated  to  facilitate 
reference. 

A.     VEKMES. 

I.   Trematodes. 

1.  Echinostoma  ferox,  Rudolphi  (Path.  Hist.,  1110),  from 
the  small  intestine  of  a  stork,  Ciconia  ciconia  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab., 
805).  The  entire  small  intestine  was  invaded,  the  para- 
sites being  quite  numerous.  The  heads  of  the  flukes  were 
embedded  in  the  wall  of  the  gut  in  small  cavities,  the  tissue 
about  which  was  swollen  and  the  seat  of  marked  inflamma- 
tory reaction,  the  lesions  protruding  on  the  serous  side  of  the 
wall  like  miliary  tubercles.  This  mode  of  attachment 
varies  from  that  usually  stated,  which  would  have  the  worm 
attached  by  its  ventral  sucker  to  the  interior  of  the  small 


3 

cavity  in  (lit-  intestinal  mucous  membrane  and  both  cephalic 
an<l  caudal  ends  protruding  above  the  surface  of  the  lining 
of  the  gut.  The  only  other  point  of  difference  from  the 
current  descriptions  of  the  parasite  which  was  noted  was  the 
absence  of  the  cuticnlar  spines  from  the  anterior  portion  of 
the  worm  (not  about  the  mouth,  however);  but  these,  accord- 
ing to  Dujardin,  are  very  caducous. 

This  was  the  second  stork  of  the  same  species  to  die  in 
the  Gardens  since  the  establishment  of  the  Laboratory  of 
Comparative  Pathology  with  these  parasites  in  the  intestine. 
Hoth  birds  were  newly  arrived  in  the  Gardens,  one  dying 
within  twenty-four  hours  after  its  reception,  and  the  other, 
the  host  of  the  specimens  examined,  within  seventy-two 
hours. 

i'.  I'aragonimus  westermanni,  (Kerbert)  (Path.  Mus.,  39), 
from  the  lung  of  a  mouse,  presented  by  Professor  Katsurada, 
of  Okayama,  Japan,  is  identical  with  the  lung  fluke  of  man 
of  the  same  part  of  the  world. 

3.  Opiftlhorchis    sinensis,    (Cobbold);    three    specimens, 
one  from  the  gall  ducts  of  a  human  being  and  the  others 
from  the  gall  ducts  of  dog  and  cat;  presented  by  Professor 
Katsurada,  Okayama,  Japan. 

4.  Monostoma  mutabile,  Zeder  (Path.  Hist.,  1132,  1654), 
has  been  obtained  in  one  instance  from  the  subpleural  air 
spaces  of  a  coot,  Fulica  americana   (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  885), 
and  in  a  second  case  from  the  liver  (this  statement  is  made 
with  uncertainty  in   the  records  of   the   laboratory  of  the 
Gardens;  it  is  probably  incorrect,  and  it  is  more  likely  that 
the  worms  were  in  the  subperitoneal  airspaces)  of  a  Carolina 
rail,  Porzaha  Carolina  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  917).     The  data  of 
identification  of  both  groups  of  the  parasite  conform  with 
published    descriptions;    but    the    ova    were    considerably 
smaller   than    the   measurements   given    by   Dujardin   and 
repeatedly  followed  in  later  works  upon  parasitology.     Du- 
jardin   (Hist.   Nat.   des  Helminthes,   p.   351;  Paris,    1845) 
states  that  the  ova  are  0.173  mm.  in  length  and  0.084  mm. 
in  breadth;  those  obtained  from  the  parasites  of  the  first 


M35271 R 


of  the  above  birds  measured  0.110  to  0.120  mm.  in  length 
and  0.075  to  0.080  mm.  transversely,  and  those  from  the 
parasites  of  the  second  bird  0.105  to  0.120  mm.  in  length 
and  0.060  to  0.080  mm.  transversely. 


II.  Cestodes. 

(a)  Larval  or  Bladderworm  Stage. 

5.  Cysticercus  fasciolaris  (bladderworm  of    Ttrnia  crassi- 
colis,  Rudolphi,  of  cat)  is  recorded  four  times:  once  in  the 
liver  of  a  muskrat,  Fiber  zibcthicus  (L.),  killed  at  Kennett 
Square,  Pennsylvania,  and  presented  by  Dr.  I.  H.  Alexander 
(Path.  Mus.,  169);  twice  (Path.  Hist.,  1652)  in  the  livers  of 
white  experiment  rats  in  the  laboratory  and  in  Wistar  Institute; 
and   once  in  the  liver  of  a  white  mouse,  presented  by  Mr. 
Howard  Crawley.    In  all  cases  these  bladderworms  were  pres- 
ent in  numbers,  the  liver  of  the  muskrat  containing  several 
hundreds  and  being  enormously  enlarged  in  consequence. 

6.  Cysticercus  tenuicollis   (bladderworm   of    Tcenia   mar- 
ginala,    Batsch,    of    dog)    was    encountered    twice    (Path. 
Mus.,  44,  45)   in  the  subperitoneal  tissue  of  the  domestic 
sheep,    Ovis    aries;    two    examples    from    the    same    host 
having  been  obtained  in  Iowa  by  Dr.  Repp;  and  a  third,  a 
single  occurrence,  from  the  dressed  carcass  of  a  sheep  in 
one  of  the  Philadelphia  markets,  by  one  of  the  veterinary 
medical  students.     Recently  Professor  Joseph  McFarland, 
of  the   Medico-Chirurgical   College  of   this  city,  submitted 
to  the  writer  a  fourth  example  which  he  had  obtained  from 
the  subperitoneal  tissue  of  a  goat,  Capra  hircus. 

7.  Cysticercus  cellulosce   (bladderworm   of    Tcenia  solium, 
Rudolphi,  of  man)  was  submitted  for  identification  (Path. 
Mus.,  29)  in  the  flesh  of  a   domestic   hog,  Sus  scrofa,  by 
Dr.  J.   W.   Nixon,  of  Gonzales,  Texas.     Once  before,  in 
Texas,  pork  has  been  found  infested  by  this  larva  by  the 
writer.     It  may  be  added,  however,  that,  out  of  some  dozens 


of  t:i|>r\vmms  from  the  liiiinan  intestine  which  (lie  writer 
lias  examined  in  this  part  of  the  country  and  in  Texas,  none 
have  ever  proved  to  IK'  Tiriiin  no!  in  in,  although  the  belief  is 
eoinmoii  that  this  species  is  of  frequent  occurrence  in  man 
in  America.  Doubtless  the  parasite  occurs  in  this  country, 
as  is  indicated  by  the  above  experience  with  the  bladder- 
worm  stage;  but  it  is  much  less  frequent  than  is  usually 
believed,  specimens  of  the  beef  tapeworm,  Tcenia  saginata, 
Ix-ing  confused  with  it  by  mistake. 

S.  ('ijxIircrcuK  jiixiformix  (bladderworm  of  Tcenia  serrala, 
(ioc/.e.  of  dog),  obtained  at  (ialveston,  Texas,  by  Dr.  J.  J. 
Terrill  from  the  liver  of  a  common  laboratory  rabbit,  Lepus 
ilomi-x/ii'iix  i  Path.  Mns.,  20). 

!).  Hydatidcyatt  (bladderworm  stage  of  Tcenia  eckinococciu, 
v.  Siebold,  of  dog)  have  twice  Ix-en  received  for  study.  In 
one  instance  several  daughter  cysts  and  a  portion  of  the 
mother  cyst  wall  of  a  large  subperitoneal  hydatid  (Path. 
Hist.,  1900)  from  a  man,  a  native  Pennsylvania!!,  a  patient  in 
the  Scranton  State  Hospital,  at  Scranton,  Penna.,  by  Drs.  J. 
Cohen  and  T.  O.  Williams.  The  daughter  cysts  submitted 
were  barren,  but  showed  the  remnants  of  the  cestode  heads; 
they  were  unusually  large,  being  between  three  and  four 
centimeters  in  diameter.  The  second  example  (Path.  Hist., 
1717)  was  met  in  the  lung  of  a  gazelle,  Gazella  dorcas  (P.  Z.  G. 
Lab.,  1145).  The  cyst  and  contained  daughter  cysts  in  this 
instance  were  of  the  usual  type,  and  numerous  examples  of 
echinococci  and  their  hooklets  were  met  in  the  examination. 

10.  Plerocercmds  of  an  unknown  bothriocephalus  (Path. 
Hist.,  1691)  were  obtained  from  the  liver  of  a  wood  ibis, 
Tantalus  loculalor  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  960).  There  were  five 
of  these  larva'  in  the  host.  The  usual  rule  for  such  larval 
Iwthriocephalus  worms  is  that  they  occur  in  fish  or  other 
habitants  of  water  and  later  develop  to  adult  stage  in  another 
host  devouring  the  fish;  but  while  it  is  unusual  to  meet  with 
them  in  the  present  type  of  host,  it  is  neither  impossible  nor 
unknown,  and  it  is  to  be  presumed  that  the  free-swimming 
embryo  was. obtained  by  the  bird  with  water  swallowed. 


(6)  Adult   Cestodes. 

11.  Tcenia    serrata,    Goeze    (Path.    Mus.,    31),    obtained 
several  times  from  the  small  intestine  of  dogs  used  in  the 
experimental  work  of  the  laboratory,  several  examples,  as  a 
rule.,  from  each  host. 

12.  Tcmia  saginata,  Goeze  (commonly  known  as   Tcenia 
mediocanellata,    Kiichenmeister) :    this,    the    ordinary    "beef 
tapeworm,"  from  the  human  intestine,  has  been  brought 
into  the  laboratory  at  least  seven  or  more  times  within  the 
past  few  years  from  this  State  or  from  New  Jersey  (Path. 
Mus.,  27;  Path.  Hist,  151,  978,  1651),  although  not  all  of 
these  are  recorded.     One  example,  presented  by  Dr.  David 
Edsall,  was  one  of  six  strobiles  met  at  autopsy  in  the  intestine 
of  a  Syrian  woman  who  died  from  tuberculosis  in  the  Phipps 
Institute  of  this  city.     Two  entire  strobiles  were  submitted 
by  Dr.  P.  S.  Stout,  who  obtained  them  from  living  patients 
after   the   use   of  a   ta?niafuge.     The   other   instances   were 
fragments  found  in  the  dejecta  and  sent  to  the  laboratory  for 
indentification  before  treatment. 

13.  Tcenia  crassicolis,  Rudolph!  (Path.  Hist.,  1106),  has 
been    identified    from    the    ileum    of    an   eyra,   Felis   eyra, 
which    died   in    the  Zoological   Gardens    from    an  intense 
acute  enteritis.     Along  with  it    there   were    also   met    in 
the  upper   part   of   the  intestine  a  number  of  examples  of 
Uncinaria  canina.     The  single  specimen  of  tapeworm  was 
immature,  the  strobile  measuring  16.5  cm.  in  length  and 
including  no  ripe  links.     The  general  features  of  the  worm, 
save  in  the  fact  that  the  measurements  of  the  head  and  of  its 
hooklets  and  of  the  individual  proglottides  were  lower  than 
those  usual  to  this  worm,  were  quite  in  conformity  with  the 
known  characteristics  of  Tcenia  crassicolis;  but  it  is  possible 
that  in  this  type  of  cat  a  special  variety  of  the  parasite  in 
question  may  develop  and  may  be  represented  by  the  present 
example. 

14.  Tcenia  paradoxuri,  n.  s.   (Path.  Hist.,  1714),  passed 


in     tin-    dejecta     from      living     paradoxnre, 

</r<ii/i,    in    the    collection    of    the    Zoological    (ianlcns.     For 

detailed  description,  see  special  article  in  this  journal  (p.  37). 

I.").  Tamia  eunectes,  n.  s.;  a  nuinlxT  of  examples  (Path. 
Hist.,  1C>!I4)  were  obtained  from  the  small  intestine  of  an 
anaconda,  Kuneclcx  miiriinix  (P.  7,.  G.  Lab.  939).  For 
description,  see  special  article  in  this  journal  (p.  39). 

Hi.  Tasnia  uiiilatrralix,  Hudolphi  (Path.  Hist.,  1681). 
Along  with  two  species  of  ncmatodes  there  were  found  in  the 
intestine  of  a  bine  heron,  Ardm  lirrix/ian  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  1158), 
a  iiiimlH-r  of  fragments  of  the  strobile  of  what  the  writer  be- 
lieves to  In-  Riidolphi's  incompletely  descrilx'd  Twnia  uni- 
lateral is.  The  heron,  a  Xorth  American  species,  died  within 
a  week  after  its  reception  in  the  Gardens.  The  head  of  the 
tapeworm  was  missing  from  the  material  obtained,  and  none 
of  the  links  examined  contained  ova.  The  largest  segments 
measured  2  mm.  in  width  and  0.2  to  0.4  mm.  long,  were 
trapezoid  in  form,  with  the  posterior  margin  thick,  crenulate, 
and  prominent.  These  proglottides  have  not  as  yet  been 
sectioned  for  microscopic  examination;  but  it  may  be  stated 
that  the  genital  pores  are  all  on  one  side,  that  the  cirrus  is 
long  and  lies  coiled  in  its  sheath,  extending  from  the  pore 
(in  the  anterior  part  of  the  lateral  border  of  the  link)  along 
the  anterior  portion  of  the  segment  nearly  to  the  median  line, 
and  that  the  vagina  opens  posteriorly  in  the  genital  pore, 
and  its  tube  is  traceable  toward  the  median  part  of  the  seg- 
ment. The  details  of  the  rest  of  the  genital  apparatus  are, 
however,  uncertain  without  histological  examination. 

17.  Monieza  expansa,  (Rudolphi),  from  the  intestine  of 
sheep,  Ovis  aries,  collected  in  Iowa  by  Dr.  J.  J.  Repp  (Path. 
Mus.,  25). 

18.  Monieza  pianissimo,,  Stiles  and  Hassal  (Path.  Mus.,  30) , 
from  the  intestine  of  sheep,  collected  in  Iowa  by  Dr.  J.  J.  Repp. 

19.  Thysanosoma   actinioides,  Diesing   (Path.  Mus.,  26), 
from  the  intestine  of  sheep,  Ovis  aries,  in  Iowa,  by  Dr.  J.  J. 
Repp. 

20.  Ctenotcenia   leuckarti,   (Rheim)    (Path.    Hist.,    1797), 


from   the  intestine  of  a  cotton-tail  rabbit,  Lepus  sylvaticus, 
killed  near  Philadelphia,  collected  by  Dr.  H.  C.  Masland. 

21.  Dipylidium  caninum,  (Linn.),  has  been  met  a  number 
of  times  in  the  small  intestine  of  dogs  in  the  laboratory, 
usually  two,  three  or  more  in  a  single  host  (Path.  Mus.,  32); 
and  once  (Path.  Hist.,  1065)  in  the  intestine  of  a  domestic 
cat  in   the   hospital   of  the  Veterinary  Department  of  this 
university  (Vet.  Hosp.,  1330).     This  last  example  is  by  some 
regarded   as   a  separate  species,  and   described   under  the 
name   Tcenia  elliptica;   but  aside  from  the  usually  smaller 
size  of  the  strobile  and  proglottides  and  the  slightly  larger 
size  of  the  ova,  does  not  materially  differ  from  canine  examples 
and  is  at  most  a  mere  variety  (D.  caninum,  var.  cati). 

22.  Cotugnia  broumi,  n.  s.  (Path.  Hist.,  1672),  from  the 
intestine  of  a  banded  parrakeet,  Palceornis  fasciatus  (P.  Z.  G. 
Lab.,    1052).     For   description   see   special   article   in    this 
journal  (p.  41). 

23.  Hymenolepis  nana,   (v.  Siebold).      These  specimens 
(Path.  Mus.,  5),  including  in  all  over  a  thousand  strobiles, 
were  obtained  by  Dr.  L.  E.  Magnenat  from  the  stools  of  three 
children  in  Amarillo,  Texas,  after  administration  of  male 
fern.     The  hosts  were  all  from  the  same  family,  and  later 
Dr.  Magnenat  found  a  fourth  child  in  the  same  family  also 
infested.     The  ova  had  been  detected  in  the  feces  by  the 
physician.     Probably    many    strobiles    escaped     notice    in 
collection  of  the  material,  and  the  total  number  in  the  intes- 
tines was  surely  greater  than  represented  by  the  material 
in  hand,  as  Dr.  Magnenat  subsequent  to  the  medication 
found  numerous  ova  persisting  in  the  stools  of  his  patients. 

24.  Hymenolepis  diminuta,  (Rudolphi)  (Path.  Hist.,  1646), 
from    the    intestine    of    a    Texas    cotton     rat,    Sigmodon 
hispidus   texianus   (P.   Z.    G.   Lab.,  1096).     The   material 
submitted  in  this  instance  was  fragmentary,  and  no  heads 
were  included ;  and  the  identification,  therefore,  is  not  absolute. 
The  general  features  agree  closely  with  those  accepted  for 

•H.  diminuta  save  in  the  one  fact  that  filaments  are  to  be 
recognized  in  the  middle  layer  of  the  covering  of  the  ova, 


arising,  as  in  //.  i/imti,  from  jx>lar  tulx-rcles  on  the  inner 
wall.  There  is,  however,  too  much  divergence  in  the  seg- 
ments to  permit  the  identification  with  H.  nana,  and  the 
writer  is  disinclined  to  regard  the  peculiarity  of  the  ova 
noted  as  sufficient  basis  for  separating  these  specimens  as 
a  novel  species. 

1'.").  Diiriiini'd  eutieHttU,  (Molin);  numerous  examples  in 
the  intestine  of  domestic  fowl,  (lallux  yallinaceus,  collected 
by  Dr.  S.  II.  (irant,  Hugl(y.  Texas  (Path.  Mas.,  22). 

I'll.  Di/iii/l/riin-i'/i/iti/iix  lat  UK,  (Linn).  The  fish  tapeworm 
of  man  has  been  met  in  the  work  of  the  laboratory  three  times 
within  the  past  few  years.  Dr.  William  Pepper  (Path.  Mus., 
170)  obtained,  after  recognition  of  the  ova  in  the  stool  and 
the  administration  of  an  anthelmintic,  an  entire  strobile  in 
the  dejecta  of  a  Norwegian  sailor  in  the  University  Hospital 
in  KM).").  I  )r.  H.  N.  Willson,  in  1<M)(>,  referred  to  the  laboratory 
a  portion  of  a  strobile  of  the  parasite  (Path.  Hist.,  852)  which 
he  had  obtained  after  administration  of  an  anthelmintic 
from  the  feees  of  a  young  male  Polish  student  in  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania;  and  in  the  spring  of  1907,  Dr.  C.  LeR. 
(Jriswold,  then  a  fourth-year  medical  student,  obtained  a 
meter  or  more  of  the  strobile  of  the  same  species  of  tapeworm 
i  I'ath.  Hist.,  1822)  from  another  student.  The  host  in  this 
last  instance  was  an  American,  but  had  spent  his  previous 
summer  vacation  in  European  travel;  and  as  all  the  symp- 
toms suggestive  of  parasitism  had  followed  this  European 
sojourn,  it  is  possible  that  this,  too,  was  an  instance  of  the 
importation  of  the  worm. 

A  number  of  fragments  of  what  the  writer  believes  to  be 
the  same  parasite  (Path.  Hist.,  1454)  were  found  in  the  large 
intestine  of  a  gray  fox,  Canis  cinereo  argentatus  (P.  Z.  G. 
Lab.,  1001).  The  head  was  not  found  in  this  case.  The 
anatomy  of  the  links  corresponds  closely  with  the  recognized 
structure  of  proglottides  from  man,  but  the  ova  are  distinctly 
smaller  than  those  from  the  worm  from  human  subjects 
(averaging  0.054  mm.  long  and  0.030  mm.  transversely)  and 
are  slightly  more  pointed  toward  the  operculated  end.  .  An 


10 

interesting  reaction  was  noted  when  .sulphuric  acid  was  run 
under  the  coverglass  of  a  water  preparation  containing  these 
ova  for  the  purpose  of  separating  the  lid,  the  interior  of  the 
eggs  invariably  assuming  a  pink  to  red  color,  very  like  the 
well-known  "cholera  red  reaction"  with  stools  of  Asiatic 
cholera  and  doubtless  due  to  the  same  cause,  the  presence 
of  indol.  The  absolute  identification  of  the  material  is,  of 
course,  not  to  be  insisted  upon,  but  the  writer  believes  the 
specimens  to  be  a  variety  or  in  ..very  close  relation  toDibothrio- 
cephalus  latus.  The  host  was  an  American  fox,  but  it  is 
not  known  from  what  part  of  the  country  it  originally  came. 

27.  Bothridium  pythonis,  Blainville  (—  Solenophorus 
mcgalocephalus,  Creplin),  has  been  obtained  several  times 
(Path.  Mus.,  40;  Path.  Hist.,  774)  from  pythons;  once  from 
the  intestine  of  a  Python  molurus,  at  autopsy,  in  the  Zoo- 
logical Gardens,  and  again  in  the  dejecta  of  a  living  Python 
reticulatus  in  the  collection  of  the  Gardens.  Numerous 
examples  were  found  in  the  material  from  each  snake  (cf. 
article  on  Solenophorus  megalocephalus  by  Smith  and  Veeder, 
Trans.  Phila.  Path.  Soc.,  1905).  Recently  another  lot  of 
these  same  worms  have  been  sent  to  the  laboratory  from  the 
Gardens,  having  been  discharged  together  with  a  large 
number  of  ascarides  from  a  Python  reticulatus,  but  as  yet 
these  have  not  been  fully  studied  and  recorded,  and  are  not 
included  in  the  present  series. 


III.  Nematodes. 

28.  Ascaris  lumbricoides,  \A\rn.,  horn  the  human  intestine, 
has  been  submitted  to  the  laboratory  a  number  of  times 
(among  others,  Path.  Mus.,  38;  Path.  Hist.,  1179),  most 
of  which  have  unfortunately  not  been  recorded.  Among 
those  not  placed  of  record  was  one  vomited  by  a  child  in  the 
early  part  of  an  attack  of  measles,  and  in  the  same  family 
several  days  earlier  another  child  with  the  same  infectious 
disease  passed  several  of  the  worms  via  recti.  The  voidance 


11 

of  intestinal  parasites  in  the  course  of  ;irute  infectious  fevers 
is  by  no  means  an  uncommon  occurrence;  it  is  thought  to 
!><•  possibly  due  to  a  deleterious  action  of  the  toxins  of  the 
disease  u|K)ii  the  parasites,  causing  iheni  to  lose  whatever 
attachment  (hey  may  have  had  to  the  intestinal  wall,  or 
weakening  or  killing  them  and  thus  permitting  them  to  be 
swept  with  the  discharges  from  the  canal.  Some  years  ago 
a  similar  experience  was  met  by  the  writer  in  the  case  of  a 
young  man  who  was  known,  from  the  discovery  of  the  ova  in 
his  stools,  to  !M>  the  host  of  I'lirinarid  amerieana,  Stiles.  The 
ova  had  Ix-en  repeatedly  observed  in  the  feees  until  an  attack 
of  smallpox  intervened.  Shortly  thereafter,  and  continuously 
from  the  time  of  the  variola,  no  more  ova  could  be  detected 
in  the  excrement,  the  presumption  being  that  the  parasites 
had  l>een  lost  during  the  febrile  period. 

29.  A/trarix  rquorum,  Goeze  (=A.  Tnegalufi  ji/m/n,  Cloquet), 
was  met  twice  in  the  present  series,  once  (Path.  Hist.,  775) 
passed  in  the  dejecta  of  a  Burchell  zebra,  Equus  burchelli, 
in  the  collection  of  the  Zoological  Gardens,  and  the  second 
specimen    picked   up  in   the  street   by  one  of  the   medical 
students,  Mr.  O.  H.  P.  Pepper,  where,  doubtless,  it  had  been 
deposited  by  some  passing  horse. 

30.  Axctiri.t  canis,   (Werner)    (=  A.   myslax,  Zeder),  has 
been  repeatedly  met  in  the  intestines  of  dogs  used  in  experi- 
mental work  in  the  laboratory  (Path.  Mus.,  33);  was  referred 
in  one  instance  (Path.  Mus.,  14)  by  Dr.  J.  J.  Repp  from  a 
dog  in  Iowa;  was  found  (Path.  Hist.,  1447)  in  the  intestine 
of  a  chow-dog,  the  hairless  Chinese  dog,  Canis  domesticus 
xincnsis  (P.  Z.  G.,  1015);  and  in  large  numbers  from  the 
intestine  of  a  puppy  which  died  in  the  veterinary  hospital 
of  Dr.  Horace  Hoskins,  in  this  city. 

It  is  generally  accepted  that  the  examples  of  this  type  of 
worm  met  in  cats  are  identical;  although  it  is  true  that  minor 
differences  have  been  noted  and  that  the  feline  specimens 
are  often  spoken  of  as  constituting  a  separate  variety,  A. 
canis,  var.  cati.  In  the  list  of  laboratory  studies  specimens  are 
recorded  from  the  domestic  cat,  Felis  catu$,  from  Texas 


12 

(Path.  Mus.,  18)  and  from  Philadelphia  from  the  veterinary 
hospital  of  this  university,  and  also  from  a  jaguarundi  (Path. 
Hist.,  1662),  Felis  jaguarundi  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  1157),  received 
from  a  dealer,  shortly  before  its  death,  into  the  collection  of 
the  Zoological  Gardens. 

31.  Ascaris  leptoptera,  Rudolphi.    Under  the  name  Ascaris 
leptoptera  round  worms  closely  related  to  Ascaris  canis  have 
been  described  from  a  number  of  the  larger  cats,  but  there 
has  always  existed  a  lack  of  uniformity  of  description,  which 
has  long  given  the  idea  that  several  varieties  and  possibly 
several  species  have  been  confused  under  the  name.     Two 
instances  of  these  parasites  are  included  in  the  present  list, 
both  from  lions  (Path.  Hist.,  1102, 1148),  in  one  case  obtained 
at  autopsy  from  the  stomach  and   intestines  of  a  lioness 
(P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  794),  and  in  the  other  found  in  the  feces  of  a 
living  lion  in  the  collection  of  the  Zoological  Gardens.     The 
worms  from  the  two  animals  are  identical,  and  to  the  writer's 
mind   present  sufficient  peculiarity  to  permit  them   to   be 
regarded  as  constituting  a  new  variety.     For  full  description, 
see  special  article  in  this  journal  (p.  43). 

32.  Ascaris  aquillce,  n.  s.  (Path.  Hist.,  1637),  from  the  pro- 
ventricle  of  a  bald  eagle,  Halicetus  leucocephalus  (P.  Z.  G. 
Lab.,  959).     For  description  of  these  specimens,  see  special 
article  in  this  journal  (p.  48). 

33.  Ascaris   serpentulus,   Rudolphi    (Path.    Hist.,    1683), 
from  the  intestine  of  a  demoiselle  crane,  Anthropoides  virgo 
(P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  1165),  a  European  crane  which  had  been 
in  the  Gardens  for  about  three  months. 

34.  Ascaris  ardece,   n.   s.    (Path.   Hist.,   1681),  from   the 
intestine  of  a  blue  heron,  Ardea  herodias  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  1158). 
This  bird  was  also  the  host  of  the  T.  unilateralis,  Dujardin, 
above  mentioned   (16)  and  an  undescribed  species  of  dis- 
pharagus.     For  detailed  description,  see  special  article  in 
this  journal  (p.  50). 

35.  Ascaris  rubicunda,  A.  Schneider  (Path.-  Hist.,  1677), 
in  large  numbers  from  the  intestine  of  an  Indian  python, 
Python  molurus  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  1122). 


13 

'.'<<\.   .\xnirix  (inoiini,    Dujardin    (Path.    Hist.,  773), 
in  large  numbers  with  the  feces  of  a  living  pytlion,  Pi/tlion 
ri'ticitlalux,  in  (lie  collection  of  the  Zoological  (.ianlens. 

:!7.  7/r/m//r/.v  /«;/>///<««,  (Hloch)  (Path.  Hist,  1615), 
from  the  ceca  of  a  golden  pheasant,  Cliryaolophus  pictus 
(P.  Z.  <i.  Lah.,  1055). 

:;s.  llrti'nikix  lu-rxpirillnm,  (Hudolphi)  (I'ath.  Mils.,  21), 
from  the  intestine  of  domestic  fowl,  Gallus  gallinaceus, 
collected  by  Dr.  S.  H.  Grant,  in  Texas.  Another,  but 
unrecorded,  instance  of  this  parasite  was  submitted  for 
identification  by  Dr.  L.  L.  Powell  in  the  summer  of  1905, 
the  worm  having  been  found  in  an  egg  of  a  domestic  fowl 
in  this  city.  Such  inclusions  of  intestinal  worms  in  eggs 
usually  creates  considerable  wonderment,  but  is  no  very  rare 
occurrence.  The  worm,  piissing  by  way  of  the  cloaca  of  the 
fowl  into  the  oviduct,  comes  to  be  mingled  with  the  albumen 
and  encased  by  the  shell  of  the  egg. 

.'59.  Oxyuris  vermiculari-s,  (Linn.)  (Path.  Mus.,  4),  is 
recorded  as  met  in  numbers  in  an  appendix  vermiformis 
removed  by  Dr.  J.  G.  Clark  from  a  woman  in  the  University 
1  lospital,  the  parasites  having  very  possibly  been  an  important 
factor  in  exciting  the  symptoms  of  appendicitis  leading  to 
operation.  In  addition  to  this  instance  a  number  of  other 
groups  of  the  same  worm  have  been  submitted  for  identifica- 
tion from  time  to  time,  but  for  some  reason,  presumably 
because  of  their  frequence  and  ease  of  recognition,  were  not 
recorded. 

40.  Oxyuris  equi,  Schrank  (Path.  Mus.,  8),  collected  by 
Dr.  J.  J.  Repp,  in  Iowa,  from  the  colon  of  a  horse,  Equus 
caballus. 

41.  Oxyuris  megatyphlon,  (Rudolphi)  (Path.  Hist.,  776), 
from  the  large  intestine  of  an  iguana,  Iguana  tulwrculata, 
in  the  collection  of  the  Zoological  Gardens. 

42.  Oxyuris  microtyphlon,  n.  s.  (Path.  Hist.,  1121),  from 
the  large  intestine  of  a  Cuban  iguana,  Cyclura  nubila  (P.  Z.  G. 
Lab.,  827).     For  detailed  description,  see  special  article  in 
this  journal  (p.  52). 


14 

43.  Oxyuris  evoluta,  Linstow  (Path.  Hist.,  1636),  from  the 
small  intestine  of  a  Canada  porcupine,  Erethizon  dorsatus 
(P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  991).  Linstow  (Mith.  Mus.  Berlin,  \,  heft  2, 
p.  20)  has  described  from  Hystrix  brachyura  ( ?)  an  oxyuris 
apparently  the  same  as  the  specimens  here  recorded;  but  so 
far  as  is  known  to  the  writer  the  present  instance  is  the  only 
one,  aside  from  Linstow's  original  observation,  in  which 
these  parasites  have  been  recognized,  and  inasmuch  as  Lin- 
stow's record  is  extremely  brief  the  description  entered  in 
the  laboratory  records  from  the  material  in  hand  seems  worthy 
of  full  publication.  Linstow  found  his  material  in  the 
zoological  collection  of  the  Berlin  Museum  of  Natural  History 
labelled  as  obtained  from  Hystrix  brachyura,  but  in  a  foot- 
note to  his  communication  manifests  uncertainty  as  to  the 
correctness  of  the  specific  name  of  the  porcupine.  He  states 
in  brief  that  only  female  examples  were  present,  which 
measured  9.1  mm.  in  length  and  0.47  mm.  in  thickness;  that 
the  esophagus,  which  ends  in  a  bulb,  measured  1  :  11.5,  and 
the  long  pointed  tail  1  :  7.7  of  the  body  length  of  the  worm; 
that  the  vagina  of  the  specimens  projected  as  a  thick  tube 
0.22  mm.  in  length  and  0.044  mm.  thick;  and  that  the  cuticle 
at  the  head  end  was  swollen  out  in  a  fusiform  manner. 

The  notes  of  laboratory  study  (Plate  I)  of  the  writer's 
material,  made  July  22,  1907,  are  as  follows:  From  the  small 
intestine  of  this  animal  (Canada  porcupine)  were  obtained 
fifteen  small  nematodes,  all  female  and  non-gravid,  the 
largest  (Fig.  1)  measuring  8  mm.  in  length  and  0.5  mm.  in 
thickness  at  thickest  level  (about  2  mm.  from  head  end), 
the  smallest  about  half  this  size.  Specimens  nearly  round  in 
section;  tapering  anteriorly  to  the  head,  which  at  base  of  lips 
measures  from  0.07  to  0.09  mm.  in  diameter;  tapering  more 
gradually  posteriorly  to  a  long  slender  tail  ending  almost 
effilate,  as  in  oxyuris.  Cuticle  thin  and  transparent,  finely 
striated  transversely  (striae  0.01  mm.);  at  head  end  two  cuti- 
cular  swellings  (Figs.  2  and  3)  of  small  size  one  on  either  side  of 
base  of  dorsal  lip;  and  back  of  lips  cuticle  of  head  end  slightly 
swollen  in  fusiform  manner.  The  body  wall,  from  about  the 


15 

level  of  the  esophageal  l>ull>,  shows  two  longitudinal  ventro- 
lateral  granular  bands  (apparently  not  cuticular,  but  due  to  the 

granular  muscles  showing  through  the  cuticle).  Three  nearly 
e<|iial  lips  (Fig.  -5),  each  with  a  ridge  from  base  to  tij),  this 
ridge  at  base,  near  middle  of  lip,  and  at  the  margin,  showing 
special  thickenings.  Opposite  the  intervals  between  these 
lips  and  reaching  in  eaeh  case  to  near  the  middle  of  the  lips 
the  cuticle  extends  forward  like  an  outer  set  of  lips,  eaeh  with 
five  marginal  lobes.  On  either  side  of  dorsal  lip,  outside  the 
last-named  structures,  is  seen  a  more  or  less  tabulate  but  small 
cuticular  swelling.  When  seen  from  the  side  these  various 
lobate  protrusions  and  the  lips  give  a  coarsely  fringed  appear- 
ance to  the  front  of  the  head.  The  esophagus  (Figs.  1  and  4) 
measuring  a  little  more  than  1  mm.  in  length  (including  the 
bulb),  is  at  first  nearly  uniform  in  diameter  and  slender  (0.08 
mm.  in  diameter),  but  gradually  thickens  in  flask-like  manner 
until  at  a  level  of  0.8  mm.  from  the  lips  it  has  attained  a 
diameter  of  0.17  mm.,  just  back  of  which  it  contracts,  and 
from  this  constriction  forms  a  spheroidal  bulb  (0.2  mm.  long 
and  0.23  mm.  in  diameter).  Transverse  section  (Fig.  5) 
shows  a  triradiate  esophageal  lumen;  within  the  bulb  a 
three-toothed  (?)  armature.  For  about  1  mm.  beyond  the 
bulb  the  intestine  is  thick  (0.2  to  0.25  mm.),  after  which  it 
narrows  (0.15  to  0.1  mm.  or  less),  running  a  straight  course 
to  the  anus.  In  the  rectum  it  again  expands  in  a  fusiform 
manner;  and  at  the  posterior  portion  of  this  part  of  the  tube 
are  attached  several  large  monocellular  anal  glands.  Anus 
situated  1.4  mm.  from  the  tip  of  the  tail.  Vulva  at  one- 
third  of  body  length  from  the  head  (2.5  mm.  in  an  8  mm. 
example).  In  all  of  the  specimens  the  vagina  (Figs.  1  and  6) 
projects  as  a  thick  finger-like  tube  beyond  the  body  wall, 
covered  on  the  outside  with  cuticle  and  with  the  central 
lumen  surrounded  by  what  seems  to  be  a  layer  of  circularly 
disposed  muscle  cells.  In  specimen  of  8  mm.  length,  this 
vaginal  extension  measured  0.4  mm.  in  length;  and  in  all  the 
rest  of  the  specimens  in  hand  it  bears  similar  proportions.  At 
the  distal  end  it  is  subdivided,  the  lumen  opening  between 


16 

the  two  lateral  lobes.  Within  the  body  the  vagina  extends 
posteriorly  an  equal  distance  (about  0.4  mm.)  before  opening 
into  the  uterus;  uterus  simple,  extending  posteriorly  (2  mm. 
in  length  in  the  specimen  measured),  and  showing  one,  two, 
or  three  cyst-like  dilatations  in  its  course.  The  dilatations 
mentioned  are  variable  in  size  as  well  as  in  number,  but  may 
reach  above  0.2  mm.  in  width  and  0.5  mm.  in  length.  While 
in  the  non-dilated  parts  of  the  uterine  canal  (diameter  about 
0.05  mm.)  the  wall  is  thick,  rather  opaque,  granular,  and 
yellowish,  and  closely  crowded  with  cells,  the  walls  of  these 
cyst-like  expansions  are  very  thin,  transparent,  without 
appreciable  color,  and  made  up  of  large  flat  cells  very  like 
the  endothelial  cells  of  mammals.  At  its  posterior  extremity 
the  uterine  tube  narrows  to  a  blunt  point,  into  which  the  two 
ovarian  tubes  enter.  The  latter  are  to  be  seen  passing  for- 
ward from  this  point,  tortuously  plicated  along  the  posterior 
two-thirds  or  three-fourths  of  the  uterus,  then  leaving  the 
uterus  to  extend  forward  along  the  body  wall  ventrally  and 
dorsally  nearly  to  the  level  of  the  vaginal  protrusion,  and 
ending  in  a  large  geniculate  ovarian  tube  apparently  attached 
to  the  body  wall.  No  trace  of  ova  or  of  larval  worms  were 
met  in  any  of  the  specimens  (all  examined  closely  for  this 
feature). 

At  first  the  peculiar  protrusion  of  the  vaginal  tube  was 
supposed  to  be  the  result  of  artefact,  but  careful  study  soon 
satisfied  the  writer  that  it  constituted  a  constant  and  specific 
feature;  and  no  suggestion  of  similarity  to  allantonema 
could  be  entertained.  Tentatively  the  name  Oxyuris  evaginata 
was  applied  in  the  records  to  the  specimens,  but  subsequent 
examination  of  the  literature  has  fixed  the  prior  recognition 
of  the  worm  to  Linst'ow,  and  compelled  the  retraction  of  the 
writer's  provisional  name  and  the  adoption  of  that  employed 
by  Linstow.  The  singularity  that  in  both  Linstow's  material 
and  that  of  the  writer  only  female  specimens  were  encountered 
is  striking;  and  it  is  possible  that  the  virgin  state  of  the  speci- 
mens may  have  some  bearing,  as  yet  unappreciated  by  the 
writer,  upon  the  peculiar  vaginal  evolution. 


17 

II.   Striini/i/1  iix  Jllaria,  Rudolph!  (Path.  Hist.,  HIM)),  from 

the   l>rnlir)ii;il   tubes  of  a    bison,   iiixuil  iiiiirrlfillltiM   (P.   X.   G. 

Lab.,   2M). 

!.">.  Xtroityyliix  purodactw,  Mehlis  (Path.  Mus.,  15),  from 
the  bronchial  tul>es  of  a  domestic  1»>^,  Stw  acrofa,  collected 
in  Iowa  by  Dr.  J.  ,1.  Repp. 

Iti.  (EtojAagotfonia  inflation,  (A.  Schneider),  (Path.  Hist., 
1673),  met  along  with  several  specimens  of  an  unknown 
globocephalus  in  the  Inincn  and  in  several  tiny  submucous 
cysts  in  the  wall  of  the  intestine  of  a  pig-tailed  macaque, 
Macai'iifi  ni'ini'xtrlniiK  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  508). 

The  worms,  one  male  and  four  females,  are  colorless, 
cylindrical  on  section,  rigid,  opa<|iie;  cuticle  finely  striated 
transversely.  They  are  of  nearly  uniform  thickness  in  the 
greater  part  of  the  body  length,  tapering  slightly  an- 
teriorly to  a  head  about  a  quarter  as  wide  as  the  body 
of  the  worm,  tapering  posteriorly  less  rapidly  to  the  tail. 
Mouth  terminal,  circular,  surrounded  by  a  chitinous  ring 
with  the  cuticle  over  this  elevated  into  a  prominent  cir- 
cular lip.  Upon  the  latter  six  rather  long,  pointed  papilla-. 
Posterior  to  this  lip  the  cuticle  of  the  head  is  expanded  into 
a  collar  extending  for  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  eso- 
phagus, sharply  defined  posteriorly  by  dorsal  and  ventral 
depressed  transverse  lines.  From  the  level  of  these  on  each 
side  a  narrow  alar  cuticular  expansion,  in  which  there  is 
situated  a  pointed  papilla  (opening  of  cervical  glands).  No 
buccal  cavity  or  capsule,  the  esophagus  beginning  immedi- 
ately back  of  the  mouth  opening.  Esophagus  flask-shaped, 
relatively  short;  intestine  large,  with  thick  cellular  wall,  the 
columnar  cells  of  which  show  especially  distinctly  posteriorly. 
Anus  subterminal  in  both  sexes.  The  largest  female  meas- 
ures 16  mm.  in  length  and  0.45  mm.  in  thickness  at  middle. 
Tail  obtusely  conical,  with  mucronate  tip.  Anus  0.2  mm. 
from  tip  of  tail.  Vulva  prominent,  with  thick  circular  lip, 
situated  0.35  mm.  anterior  to  anus.  Double  ovarian  tube. 
Ova  yellowish,  elliptical,  with  single,  smooth,  colorless  shell, 
and  with  interior  often  segmented;  measures  0.06  to 0.08  mm. 


18 

in  length  and  0.044  to  0.048  mm.  in  transverse  diameter. 
The  measurements  of  the  head  structures  follow:  transverse 
diameter  of  circular  lip,  0.1  mm.;  of  chitinous  ring  underlying 
this  lip,  0.06  mm. ;  diameter  of  oral  opening,  0.02  to  0.03  mm. ; 
length  of  collar  about  neck  of  worm,  0.26  mm.,  transverse 
diameter  of  same,  0.28  mm.;  length  of  esophagus,  0.7  mm., 
with  a  transverse  diameter  in  its  posterior  portion,  0.2  mm.; 
lateral  cervical  papilla  0.17  mm.  posterior  to  this  collar. 

The  single  male  example  included  in  the  material  measures 
14.5  mm.  long,  and  at  middle  of  length  0.45  mm.  in  thickness. 
Tail  obtusely  conical,  ending  in  a  bilobed  bursa  (with  indis- 
tinct ventral  lobe),  not  much  wider  in  lateral  (0.6  mm.)  than 
in  dorsoventral  measurement  (0.4  mm.).  Dorsal  ray  deeply 
bipartite,  its  divisions  widely  curving  from  one  another,  each 
with  a  single,  simple,  small  branch  near  root;  dorsomedian 
ray  simple,  arising  at  base  of  dorsal  ray;  lateral  and  ventro- 
lateral  rays  from  a  common  base,  the  former  divided;  ventral 
ray  divided.  Just  above  the  level  of  the  cloaca  a  small  ray 
or  papilla  from  the  body  wall.  Cloaca  0.2  mm.  from  tip  of 
tail.  Two  equal,  long,  pliant  spicules,  1.3  mm.  long  and 
protruded  in  the  specimen  examined  0.9  mm.  Anterior  end 
of  male  as  in  female. 

Comparison  of  these  features  with  those  of  known  cesopha- 
gostomes  would  indicate  a  close  relation  with  (E.  inflatum 
(A.  Schneider),  if  not  entire  identity.  In  many  respects  it 
agrees  well  with  Linstow's  Strongylus  aculeatus  (Wurttemb. 
Jahresb.,  1879,  p.  333)  from  a  macaque  monkey,  but  the 
mouth  parts  are  distinctly  different  (in  the  presence  of  the 
cervical  collar  and  in  the  absence  of  the  two  lateral  teeth  in 
the  mouth);  and  both  anteriorly  and  in  the  details  of  the  male 
tail  it  differs  distinctly  from  Molin's  (Esophagostoma  pachy- 
cephalum  (II  sottordine  degli  Acrofalli,  p.  450)  of  a  cerco- 
pithecus.  While  the  host  in  this  case  is  far  removed  from 
the  ordinary  host  of  (E.  inflatum  (large  intestine  of  beef), 
the  correspondence  of  structure  is  so  great  as  to  make  the 
writer  unwilling  to  regard  it  as  constituting  a  separate  species. 
This  detail  of  description  is  here  inserted  for  reference,  inas- 


19 

much  as  the  occurrence  of  the  worm  in  such  unusual  situation 
niiiv  excite  question  as  to  the  correctness  of  identification. 

17.  (!l(ih<HTiifialii.i  iiiiifd/'i,  n.  s.  (Path.  Mist.,  1673),  met 
along  with  tin-  immediately  preceding  parasite  in  the  intestine 
of  a  pig-tailed  macaque,  Macacus  nemestrinus.  For  de- 
scription, sec  special  article  in  this  journal  (p.  59). 

48.  Sderottama    equinum,  (F.   Muller)  (Path.   Mus.,    9), 
from  the  subperitoneal  tissues  of  a  colt,  Equus  caballus,  in 
Iowa,  collected  by  Dr.  J.  J.  Repp. 

49.  Syngamm  trwln'iilix,  v.  Sicbold   (Path.  Hist.,  1108), 
from  the  trachea  and  bronchial  tubes  of  a  young  Reeves' 
pheasant,  Phasianus  reevesi,  killed  in  the  Zoological  Gardens 
to  prevent  development  of  an  epidemic  of  the  "gapes." 

50.  Uncinaria  duodcnalis,  (Dubini)  (Path.  Mus.,  2;  Path. 
Hist.,  148),  obtained  at  autopsy  from  the  upper  part  of  small 
intestine  of  human  being;  two  cases,  both  white  men  and  both 
Europeans,  the  first  in  Galveston,  Texas,  the  second  in  the 
Philadelphia  Hospital. 

51.  Uncinaria  americana,  Stiles  (Path.  Mus.,  1),  obtained 
after  administration  of  thymol  from  the  dejecta  of  human 
being  in  Galveston,  Texas.    Two  instances  of  this  parasite 
have  been  brought  to  the  laboratory   from  the  University 
Hospital  and  from  the  Philadelphia  Hospital  for  identifica- 
tion of  the  ova,  and  subsequently  for  verification  of  the  worms, 
but  neither  of  these  are  included  in  the  records  of  the  labora- 
tory. 

52.  Uncinaria  canina,  (Ercolani),  is  comparatively   com- 
mon in  the  intestines  of  dogs  used  in  the  laboratory  for 
experimental  purposes,  some  animals  being  heavily  infested. 
It  is  recorded  in  the  laboratory  notes  also  from  the  dog, 
Canis  domesticus,  from  Galveston,  Texas  (Path.  Mus.,  24); 
from  the  duodenum  and  jejunum  (Path.   Hist.,,  1106)   of 
an  eyra,  Felis  eyra;  from  the  duodenum  (Path.  Hist.,  1662) 
of  a  jaguarundi,  Felis  jaguarundi  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  1157);  and 
(Path.  Hist.,  1643)  from  the  small  intestine  of  a  gray  wolf, 
Canis  mexicanus  nubilus  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  919). 

53.  Physaloptera   turgida,  Rudolphi    (Path.   Hist.,   1656, 


20 

1660,  1685),  from  the  stomach  of  the  common  opossum, 
Didelphis  virginiana,  from  the  Wistar  Institute  of  Anatomy 
and  from  the  Zoological  Gardens  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  324, 
1166). 

54.  Trwhuris  trichiura,  (Linn.),  is  recorded  from  the  colon 
of  man  (Path.  Mus.,  3;  Path  Hist.,  148)  in  the  records  of  the 
two  autopsies  above  referred  to  (50)  under  Uncinaria  duo- 
denalis.     Ova  of  this  worm  have  also  been  identified  several 
times  in  the  stools  of  human  beings  (unrecorded). 

55.  Trichuris  suis,  (Schrank)  (Path.  Mus.,  16),  from  the 
large  intestine  of  the  domestic  hog,  Sits  scrofa,  collected  in 
Iowa  by  Dr.  J.  J.  Repp. 

56.  Trichuris  vulpis,  (Frolich)  (Path.  Mus.,  35),  from  the 
large  intestine  of  dog,  Canis  domesticus,  in  the  laboratory. 

57.  Trichuris  ovis,  (Abildgaard)  (Path.  Hist.,  1901),  from 
the  large  intestine  of  an  antelope,  Antelope  furcifer,  in  the 
Zoological  Gardens. 

58.  Trichinella  spiralis,  (Owen) ,  has  been  met  three  times 
(as  the  encysted  larval  worms)  in  human  muscle,  having 
been  once  submitted  (Path.  Mus.,  37)  in  a  portion  of  the 
pectoral  muscles  of  a  badly  infested  human  cadaver  in  the 
dissecting-room  by  Dr.  J.  K.  Pollock,  then  a  medical  student 
of  this  school;  and  twice  having  been  found  (Path.  Hist.,  189, 
358)  in  the  muscle  of  the  diaphragm  in  autopsy  material 
from  the  Philadelphia  Hospital. 

59.  Filaria  immitis,  Leidy  (Path.  Mus.,  6),  from  the  right 
heart  and  pulmonary  artery  of  a  dog  used  in  experimentation 
in  the  laboratory. 

60.  Filaria  equina,  (Abildgaard)   (Path.  Mus.,  19),  from 
the  peritoneum  of  a  horse,  Equus  caballus,  collected  in  Iowa  by 
Dr.  J.  J.  Repp.     A  second  specimen  was  presented  by  Dr. 
Repp,  a  single  male  example,  which  was  taken  from  the 
anterior  chamber  of   the  eye  of  a  horse  in  Iowa    (Path. 
Mus.,  7).     The  name   Filaria  oculi   has  been   attached  to 
such   examples;   but   the  anatomy  of  the  specimen  leaves 
no  doubt  in   the  writer's  opinion    that  this  is  merely   an 
aberrant  example  of   the  species  here  named. 


21 

(il.  FUaria  lHbi<ito-i><ii>ill(ina,  Alessandrin!  (Path.  Mus.,  17), 
\\as  collected  hy  Dr.  J.J.  Uepp,  in  Iowa,  from  the  peritoneum 
of  a  cow,  Bo.f  liniriix.  A  single  example  (Path.  Hist.,  1675) 
was  sent  into  the  laboratory  from  the  Zoological  Gardens 
labelled  as  having  been  found  in  the  body  of  a  bison,  Bison 
(iiinricaniiJi  (P.  /.  G.  Lab.,  9(X));  but  when  further  data  were 
sought  in  reference  to  its  precise  habitat,  there  was  found  no 
reference  to  its  discovery  in  the  records  of  the  laboratory  of 
the  Gardens,  and  a  question  existed  in  the  mind  of  the  patho- 
logist as  to  the  correctness  of  the  label.  There  is  therefore 
an  uncertainty  as  to  this  specimen,  which,  however,  if  cor- 
rectly labelled,  is,  as  far  as  the  writer  knows,  the  first  instance 
of  its  occurrence  in  the  American  bison. 

<ii>.  FUaria  gracilix,  Rudolph!  (Path.  Hist.,  1642,  1645), 
has  been  identified  from  specimens  found  in  the  peritoneal 
cavity  of  two  monkeys  in  the  Zoological  Gardens,  the  first 
a  white-throated  cebus,  Cebus  hypoleucus  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  955), 
the  second  from  an  unindicated  species. 

63.  FUaria  pungent,  A.  Schneider  (Path.  Hist.,  1696, 1716), 
is  recorded  as  found  in  the  air  sacs  of  a  red-headed  weaver- 
bird,  Tandia  madagascariensis   (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  1028),  and 
from   the  peritoneum   of  a   blue-bearded  jay,   Cyanocorax 
cyanopogon  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  404). 

64.  FUaria  australis,  Linstow   (Path.   Hist.,   1701).   was 
met  in  the  peritoneal  cavity  of  a  brush-tailed  wallaby,  Petro- 
gale  pencillata,  from  the  Zoological  Gardens.    The  writer 
regards  the  specimen  described  as  FUaria  spelcea,  Leidy 
(Pr.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1875,  vol.  27,  p.  17),  as  probably 
identical,  in  which  case  Leidy's  name  would  take  preference 
to  that  of  Linstow's. 

65.  Spiroptera  incerta,  n.  s.  (Path.  Hist.,  1109,  1120,  1453, 
1463,  1613,  1616,  1618,  1619,  1620,  1621,  1622,  1623,  1624, 
1625,  1626,  1627,  1628,  1629,  1630,  1631,  1644,  1661,  1672, 
1675,  1686),  has  been  met  in  the  proventricle  and  gizzard  of 
several  dozen  birds.    The  parasite  has  been  endemic  in  the 
bird  house  at  the  Zoological  Gardens,  and  has  appeared  par- 
ticularly among  the  parrakeets,  amazons,  conures,  and  parrots; 


22 


but  in  the  list  there  is  also  an  instance  of  its  occurrence  in  a 
valley  quail,  and  quite  recently  (not  included  in  the  present 
list)  it  has  appeared  among  the  pigeons.  For  a  description 
and  fuller  account  of  the  various  hosts,  see  special  article  in 
this  journal  (p.  60). 

66.  Spiroptera  (?)  iguana;,  n.  s.  (Path.  Hist.,  1641),  from 
the  lung  of  a  Cuban  iguana,  Cyclura  nubila  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab., 
1127).     For  description,  see  special  article  in  this  journal 
(p.  66). 

67.  Dispharagus  ardece,  n.  s.  (Path.  Hist.,  1681),  was  met 
in  the  alimentary  canal  of  a  blue  heron,  Ardea  herodias  (P.  Z. 
G.  Lab.,  1158).     A  single  female  specimen  was  found  along 
with  a  number  of  ascarides  (Ascaris  ardece,  supra  34)  and 
fragments  of  Tcenia  unUateralis  (supra,  16).     The  entire  lot 
of  material  was  submitted  in  one  bottle,  with  the  statement 
that  the  worms  were  found  in  the  proventricle,  stomach,  and 
intestines  of  the  bird,  and  it  is  impossible  to  fix  the  precise 
habitat  in  the  canal  for  the  specimen  here  listed.     For  de- 
scription, see  special  article  in  this  journal  (p.  67). 

68.  Anguillula  aceti  (Path.  Hist.,  60).     Dr.  A.  F.  Coca,  in 
examining  a  specimen  of  human  urine  submitted  to  the  labor- 
atory for  diagnostic   purposes,  met  numerous  examples  of 
anguillula?  in  the  fluid;  but,  inasmuch  as  the  urine  was  con- 
tained  in   an   old   wine  bottle,   and   subsequent  specimens 
from  the  same  patient,  collected  and  preserved  under  careful 
precautions,  showed   none  of  the  worms,  it  was  assumed 
that  the  examples  first  observed  had  been  present  in  acetous 
remnants  in  the  bottle  and  were  not  to  be  regarded  as  one 
of  the  occasional  instances  of  parasitism  by  this  worm  in 
the  urinary  or  urogenital  tract  of  man. 


B.   ARTHROPODA. 

69.  Larvae  of  Lucilia  maccllaria,  (Fabricius)  (Path.  Mus., 
10),  the  common  "screw-worms"  of  the  South.  The 
specimens  were  removed  from  an  ulcerous  wound  (in  which 


tin-  (Alt  of  llii-  lly  had   lict'il  deposited)  1IJH)I1  till'  forehead   of 
a  girl  in  ( inhesion,  'l'c\as,  l>y  Dr.  .1.  J.  'IVrrill. 

70.  F-arviv   of    Hi/pat/miid    Unca/iuii,   (de    Yillcrs)    (Path. 
Hist, 851), from  the  subcutaneous  tissue  of  the  face  of  a  lx>y, 
aged  three  years,  at  Glasgow,  Montana,  a  case  of  l)rs.  Hoyt 
ami  Getty.     The  child  had  had  a  series  of  swellings  located 
ll|X)ii  the  face,  thigh,  and  other  parts  of  the  Ixxly,  dating  hack 
to  Octolx'r,  1<X).">;  these  attaining  the  size  of  half  of  a  small 
apple,  each   with   the  ap|>caraiice  at   the  a]>ex  of    a  small, 
hluish    lieinorrhagic    point.     After   the   appearance    of   this 
apical  spot  the  swellings  would  diminish  and  disapjx'ar,  to  be 
succeeded  by  similar  lesions  elsewhere.     Finally,  in  February, 
1906,  one  developed  on  the  face,  in  which,  after  it  had  been 
well   poulticed,    the  dark  spot  broke  and   the  single  grub 
appeared,   which  was    submitted    for  'identification.     The 
writer  has  on  one  other  occasion  met  a  similar  occurrence  of 
the  larva  of  this  fly  in  man,  in  a  case  of  Dr.  Herff,  of  San 
Antonio,  Texas  (Med.  News,  December  6, 1902).     In  neither 
of  these  cases  was  the  grub  in  the  last  moult. 

Here,  too,  should  be  listed  examples  (Path.  Mus.,  13)  of 
the  so-called  Hypoderma  ovis  larva1,  collected  by  Dr.  J.  J. 
Repp  from  the  subcutaneous  tissue  of  a  sheep,  Ovis  aries, 
in  Iowa.  The  grubs  met  in  sheep  beneath  the  skin  are  gen- 
erally held  to  l>e  larva1  of  H.  lineatum  rather  than  those  of  a 
separate  species,  as  has  often  been  supposed.  These  are 
considerably  larger  than  the  human  specimens  just  men- 
tioned, and  probably  represent  a  more  advanced  moult  than 
the  above. 

71.  Larvw  of  Cuter ebrafontinella,  Clark  (Path.  Hist.,  1798), 
obtained  by  Dr.  R.  C.  Rosenberger  from  the  subcutaneous 
tissue  of  the  neck  of  a  common  cotton-tail  rabbit,  Lepus 
sylvaiicus,  killed  in  the  vicinity  of  this  city. 

72.  Larvae  of  Gastrophilus  equi,  (Clark)  (Path,  Mus.,  12), 
obtained  by  Dr.  J.  J.  Repp,  in  Iowa,  from  the  gastric  mucous 
membrane  of  a  horse,  Equus  caballus. 

73.  Clothilla  inquilfna  (Path.  Hist.,  1064).    These  insects 
were  sent  through  the  Pennsylvania  State  Health  Depart- 


24 

meHt  to  the  laboratory  by  Dr.  Koch,  of  Lyons  Station,  Penna., 
with  the  statement  that  they  had  infested  in  great  numbers 
the  clothing  of  one  of  his  patients,  a  woman,  and  had  caused 
an  irritation  similar  to  that  produced  by  body  lice.  The 
same  insects  swarmed  in  a  mill  owned  by  the  patient's  hus- 
band. This  insect  has  been  met  a  number  of  times  as  an 
insect  pest  (cf.  Railliet,  Blanchard  et  al).  It  is  very  similar 
to  Clothilla  pulsatoria  (one  of  the  "death-watch"  insects), 
which  Professor  J.  B.  Smith,  of  Rutgers  College,  mentions 
in  the  New  Jersey  State  Entomological  Catalogue  as  closely 
resembling  lice  and  being  occasionally  mistaken  for  them, 
and  as  sometimes  taking  practical  possession  of  a  whole  house 
and  becoming  intolerable  nuisances  to  the  inhabitants.  It  is 
believed  to  be  the  same  insect  which  Gay,  in  1878,  described 
as  a  parasite  of  horses  under  the  name  Trichodectes  quadri- 
cornis. 

74.  Boophilus  bovis,  Curtice   (Path.  Mus.,  11),  the  com- 
mon cattle  tick,  the  carrier  of  Texas  fever  of  cattle,  collected 
in  Iowa  by  Dr.  J.  J.  Repp. 

75.  Penfasloma  denticulahim  (Path.  Hist.,  1640),  the  larval 
stage  of  Linguatida  rhinaria,  (Pilger),  from  the  lung  of  a 
gazelle,  Gazella  dorcas,  from  the  Zoological  Gardens. 

76.  Demodex  follindorum,   var.  hominis,  (Simon)   (Path. 
Hist.,  210),  was  encountered  in  the  ducts  of  the  sebaceous 
glands  in  a  section  of  a  chronic  inflammatory  lesion  of  the 
eyebrow  of  a  woman  in  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  Philadelphia, 
submitted  for  examination  by  Dr.  J.  M.  Swan.     The  parasites 
are  probably  only  coincident    with  the    inflammation,    but 
the  inflammatory   changes    in    the   walls    of    the    infested 
ducts    suggest    that    they    may    have    had    some    part  in 
maintenance   of  the  long-standing  irritation   producing  the 
lesion. 


IM   \TE  I. 
Oftjuris  frulutii,  Linstow:  (r:i ra  lucida  drawings;  a  line  is  drawn  from  each  figure  to  the  scale  of  enlargement  employed). 

l''[ii.   1. — Outline  Of  Complete   worm:  a,  intoline;   li,  vaginal    protru-  In.     I.      IIc:id  end,    >ho\\iiiL'  e-ophagus    and  liulli:   <i,  fusiform  CUtic- 

sion:  r,  intracorporeal  |mrtion  of  vaginal  tube:  ./.  </,,  <!.,.   uterine  canal  ular  swelling;   l>.  c.-o|iliau'ns:  6,  esoph:igr:d  luilli,  willi  iti  armature, 

and  its  expanded  portions;  e,  oviduct  and  ovarium; /,  anus;  0,  Moph-  Ki«;.  i>.     Transverse  section   of  esophagus  in  its  posterior  portion, 

agus  and  bulb;  h,  fusiform  cuticular  expansion  at  head  end.  showing  its  triradiate  lumen. 

I'"'    -'.      Frontal  view  of  head  end:  a,  dorsal  lip;  o,,  ventral  lips;  6,  I  i.,   ti.      Details  of  genital  apparatus:  a,  body  wall;  l>,  <•  \tracorpo- 

one  of   the  three  lip-like  extensions  of  cuticle  over  the  lips  proper;  r,  real  \aninal   protrusion;  c,  intracorporeal  portion  of  vagina;  </,  (/,.  <<„ 

one  of  the  two  dorsolateral  cuticular  swellings  showing  its  three  papilla-.  uterine  canal  with  its  cyst-like  expansions;  e,  ovarium;  r,.  e,  .<-,.  oviduct 

Fu;.  3. — Lateral  view  of  head  end.  plicated  along  uterus  and  entering  posterior  end  of  latter  at  et. 

PLATE  II. 

Tit  niit  iHtriiiliu-iiri  and  ( W»//»m  lirninii:  (camera  lucida  drawings;  a  line  from  each  drawing  indicates  the  scale  of  amplification  employed). 

I  ici.  1. — T.  piiriiiliu -iiri:    head  and   lirst   links,   showing   the  conical  I MI;,  li.— r.  lirmrni:  frontal   view  of  head,  showing  depressed  rostel- 

ui  armed    rostellum,    and    the   oval   suckers    with    a   curved   slit-like  linn  surrounded  by   row  of    numerous  small   hooks,  and   the  globose 

orilice.  suckers  with  circular  orifices. 

I  H;    '2. — Frontal  view  of  head  of  '/'.  iHini<ln.riiri.  FIG.  7. — Lateral  view  of  head  and  anterior  segments  of  C.  browni. 

1  ic.  H.     Outline    of    anterior    .segments    (2    cm.    from    head)    of  Flu.  8.— Isolated  hook  from  armature  of  head  of  C.  broirm. 

T.  paradoxuri.  I K;. '.(. — Diagrammatic  drawing  of  fully  developed  but  non-gravid 

.   I. — Outline  of  segment    of  T.  fmradojcuri  near  posterior  portion  segment  of  C.  browni  at  8  cm.  from   head  (constructed  from   sections 

of  strobile,  showing  t  lie  capacious  genital  pore.  and  from  compressed  segments):  C,  cirrus;  T,  testicles;  RS,  rcceptac- 

Fui.  .">. — Ovum  of  '/'.  i>«rn<ln.(nri.  uluin  seminis;  Or,  ovary;  \'g,  vitelline  gland;  Vl,  uterus. 

Fio.  10. — Ovum  of  C.  browni. 

PLATE  III. 

Tin  in  i  eunecles:  (camera  lucida  drawings,  except  Fig.  4,  which  is  diagrammatic  in  part,  the  general  outlines,  however,  being  from  camera  lucida 
tracings;  the  scale  of  enlargement  employed  is  indicated  by  a  line  drawn  from  each  drawing). 

Fin.  1. — Head  and  incompletely  grown  strobile,  without  gravid  links.  Fio.  4. — Fully  developed,  but  as  yet  non-gravid  segment  (partly 

1  Hi.  2. — Frontal  view  of  head.  diagrammatic);  shows  genital  parts  of  segment:  cirrus  pouch,  (C); 

l-'iii.  :?.— Segments  taken  from  a  fully  developed  strobile  from  near  genital  pore,  (GP);  vagina,  (V);  receptaculum  seminis,  (RS);  uterus, 

head,  to  show    the   early    development  of   the   genital   parts.     (These  (Ut);  testicles,  (T);  ovary,  (Or),  and  vitelline  gland,  (V'G). 

were  drawn  by  camera  lucida  from  compressed  links,  which  were  origi-  Fio.  5. — Ovum  with  surrounding  amnion. 

nally    considerably    larger    than    the    first   links   of    the    undeveloped 

strobile  in  Fig.  1,  but  which,  by  the  compression,  were  much  increased 

in  both  length  and  width). 

PLATE  IV 
leftttijitera,  Rud.,  new  variety:  (camera  lucida  drawings;  a  line  from  each  drawing  indicates  the  scale  of  enlargement  employed). 

Fie;.  1.— Two  ova,  the  one  to  the  right  containing  a  larval  worm.  Fio.  5.— Anterior  view  of   head,  showing  lips  and    papillie  (dorsal 

1'ic.  J— Anterior  end  of  worm,   to  show  extent  and  shape  of  alar  lip  above),  and  beginnings  of  cuticular  expansions  laterally. 

cuticular  expansions  (a).  FIG.  6. — Ventral  surface  of  tail  of  male;  the  cuticle,  having  been  cut 

Fie.  .'{.—  Internal  aspect  of  dorsal  lip,   showing  denticulate  border  on  the  dorsum,  is  seen  spread  out  laterally ;  shows  the  details  of  the 

and  lobes  of  pulpa:  <t,  denticulate  border  of  lip;  b,  outer  paired  lobe;  postcloacal  papilhe:  r,  cloaca. 

r,  inner  paired  lobe;  d,  unpaired  lobe.  Fio.  7.— Lateral  view  of  tail  of  .male,  showing  both  postcloacal  and 

FIG.  4.— External  view  of  head  from  ventral  surface,  showing  the  precloacal  papilht- :  c,  cloaca. 

two  ventral  lips  with  their  papilla-;  on  either  side  the  first  part  of  Fio.  8.— Tail  of  female ;  a,  anus, 
alar  cuticular  expansion. 

PLATE  V. 
Ascaris  aquittae:  (camera  lucida  drawings). 

1  ic.  1.— Inner  aspect  of  dorsal  lip:  A,  interlabium;  B,  lobus  impar;  FIG.  3.— Frontal  aspect  of  head,  showing  the  lips  and  interlabia  and 

C,  inner  paired  lobe;  D,  outer  paired  lobe.     (Same  scale  of  enlarge-  the  papilla?  of  the  lips, 

ment  as  Fig.  2.)  F'O-  4.— Lateral  aspect  of  head. 

G.  2.— Outer  aspect  of  dorsal   lip,  showing  papilla-,  and  the  deep  Fio.  5.— Ovum,  drawn  to  show  in  upper  part  the  tuberculated  outer 

incision  in  anterior  margin.  surface  of  the  shell,  and  in  the  lower  part  the  segmented  interior. 


PLATE  VI. 

Ascaris  ardea;  (camera  lucida  drawings;  scale  of  enlargement  is  indicated  by  a  line  from  each  drawing). 


FIG.  1. — Lateral  view  of  anterior  end,  showing  two  of  the  lips  (partly 
in  profile)  and  two  of  the  interlabia. 

FIG.  2. — Frontal  view  of  the  head,  showing  the  dorsal  lip  below  and 
to  the  left. 

FIG.  3. — Internal  aspect  of  dorsal  lip  and  two  interlabia,  showing 
details  of  pulpa  of  lip. 


FIG.  4. — Tail  of  female. 

FIG.  5. — Ovum,  above  showing  the  pitted  external  surface  of  the 
shell,  and  below  showing  the  segmented  interior. 

FIG.  6. — Ventral  surface  of  male  tail.  (Note  the  second  pair  of 
papillae  from  tip  of  tail  as  uncertain.) 

FIG.  7. — Lateral  view  of  tail  of  male. 


PLATE  VII. 

Oxyuris  microtyphlon  and  Oxyuris  megatyphlon:  (camera  lucida  drawings;  scale  of  enlargement  is  indicated  for  each  by  a  line). 


FIG.  1. — Ovum  of  0.  microtyphlon. 

FIG.  2. — Ovum  of  0.  megatyphlon  (same  scale,  drawn  in  outline  for 
comparison). 

FIG.  3. — Frontal  view  of  head  of  0.  microtyphlon,  showing  the  three 
lips  and  their  papilla-. 

FIG.  4. — Ventral  view  of  tail  of  male  of  0.  microtyphlon  (to  the  left 
at  the  tip  of  the  tail  is  a  lateral  view  of  the  same  for  comparison; 
dotted  lines  connect  identical  structures) :  a,  cuticle,  showing  the 
transverse  striations;  6,  intestine;  c,  anterior  lip  of  cloaca;  d,  posterior 
lip  of  same ;  e,  postcloacal  papilla? ;  /,  postcloacal  spinous  support  of 
tip  of  tail,  bidigitate  at  its  free  end ;  g,  larger  intracuticular  spine  in 
tip  of  tail;  h,  spicule;  i,  body  cavity. 

FIG.  5. — Female  example  of  O.  microtyphlon:  a,  anus;  v,  vulva;  o, 
ova  in  uterine  canal;  6,  esophageal  bulb;  e,  esophagus.  The  length  of 
the  specimen  has  been  indicated  by  lines  drawn  into  the  body  of  the 
worm  at  intervals  of  1  mm.  from  the  head  posteriorly. 


FIG.  6. — Tail  of  a  non-gravid  female,  showing  the  closer  relation 
between  the  anus  (a)  and  vulva  (v)  than  in  the  preceding. 

FIG.  7. — Male  specimen  of  O.  microtyphlon  (same  enlargement  as 
Fig.  5,  for  comparison  of  size  of  male  and  female):  e,  esophagus;  6, 
bulb  of  esophagus;  i,  intestine;  s,  spicule.  (Length  marked  at  milli- 
meter intervals  from  head  posteriorly.) 

FIG.  8. — Tail  of  male  0.  microtyphlon  with  spicule  partly  protruded: 
i,  intestine;  s,  spicule. 

FIG.  9. — Tracing  of  tail  of  male  O.  megatyphlon  from  Schneider. 

FIG.  10. — Tail  of  male  0.  megatyphlon  from  author's  material. 

FIG.  11. — Tail  of  female  0.  megatyphlon  (author's  material),  showing 
relative  position  of  anus  (a)  and  vulva  (v). 

FIG.  12. — Head  end  of  O.  megatyphlon  (author's  material). 


PLATE  VIII. 

Globocephalus  ardece:  (camera  lucida  drawings;  scale  of  enlargement  indicated  for  each  drawing  by  a  line). 


FIG.  1. — Frontal  view  of  head  showing  mosaic  appearance,  the  mouth 
and  its  chitinous  ring  and  intra-oral  spines  (!),  and  showing  faintly  the 
armature  at  the  base  of  the  mouth  cavity. 

FIG.  2.— Armature  of  three  curved  chitinous  plates  (a)  set  in  the 
floor  of  the  mouth  about  the  esophageal  opening  (c),  and  the  three- 
sided  chitinous  ring  (b)  about  the  esophageal  orifice. 


FIG.  3. — Head  end,  showing  (a),  mouth;  (b),  mouth  cavity;  and  (c), 
armature;  (d),  esophagus  and  cervical  papillae  (c);  and  the  cuticular 
collar  (/)  about  the  head  and  first  part  of  neck. 

FIG.  4. — Tail  of  female,  showing  (a)  anus  and  (6)  vulva. 

FIG.  5.— Ova. 


PLATE  IX. 

Spiroptera  incerta:  (camera  lucida  drawings;  the  scale  of  enlargement  is  indicated  for  each  drawing  by  a  line). 


FIG.  1. — Low  amplification  of  a  female  worm,  showing  position  of 
vulva  (F),  the  divisions  of  the  esophagus  (0),  position  of  anus  (A), 
and  the  intestine  (/). 

FIG.  2. — Head  end,  showing  cuticular  expansions. 

FIG.  3. — Transverse  section  of  anterior  end,  showing  cuticular  ex- 
pansions. 

FIG.  4.— Frontal  view  of  head,  showing  (o),  lateral  toothed  lips; 
(b),  dorsolateral,  and  (c),  ventrolateral  (submedian)  lips;  (e  and  /), 
dorsal  and  ventral  tooth-like  structure;  and  (g),  outline  of  oral 
orifice. 


FIG.  5. — Longitudinal  view  of  head  end,  showing  («),  lateral  lip;  (6 
and  c),  submedian  lips;  (e),  median  dorsal  or  ventral  tooth-like  struc- 
ture; (/),  mouth  cavity;  (g),  first  part  of  esophagus;  (h),  body  wall; 
and  (i),  lateral  cuticular  expansions. 

FIG.  6. — Outline  of  tail  of  female  to  show  position  of  anus. 

FIG.  7. — Ova,  showing  enclosed  larvae. 

FIG.  8. — Ventral  view  of  tail  of  male,  showing  (o),  cuticular  striations 
of  the  general  body;  (6),  the  quadrilateral  cuticular  plates  within 
bursa;  (c),  cuticular  expansions  forming  the  bursa;  (d),  cloaca;  (e), 
spicules,  and  the  papillie  of  the  tail. 

FIG.  9. — Specially  enlarged  view  of  the  ventral  side  of  tip  of  tail  to 
show  the  small  papillae  of  this  portion. 


PLATE  X. 

Spiroptera  (?)  iguana  and  Dispharagus  ardeae:  (camera  lucida  drawings;  scale  of  enlargement  indicated  by  line  drawn  from  each  figure). 


FIG.  1. — Spiroptera  (?)  iguance:  ventral  surface  of  tail  of  male,  show- 
ing tip  of  tail  and  arrangement  of  papillae  about  the  cloaca. 

FIG.  2.— Spiroptera  (?)  iguana?:  lateral  view  of  tail  of  male,  show- 
ing (a  and  a,),  the  principal  and  accessory  spicules  and  (6)  the 
cloaca. 

FIG.  3.— Spiroptera  (?)  iguana;:  head  end,  showing  (a),  mouth  and 
(6),  esophagus  (structure  of  lips  uncertain). 


FIG.  4. — Dispharagus  ardea;:  anterior  end  viewed  laterally,  showing 
(o),  one  of  the  lateral  lips;  (6),  the  "cordons; "  (c),  the  anterior  narrow, 
and  (d),  posterior  wider  portions  of  the  esophagus. 

FIG.  5. — Dispharagus  ardea;:  frontal  view  of  head  (lips  bent  to  one 
side  by  pressure  of  coverglass),  showing  (a),  the  two  lateral  lips  and 
(6)  the  beginnings  of  the  lateral  cords  at  bases  of  lips.  (Scale  of  en- 
largement below,  same  as  for  Figs.  4  and  6. ) 

FIG.  6. — Dispharagus  ardea;:  tail  of  female,  showing  position  of  anus 
(a),  and  the  mammillary  eminences  (6)  alongside  of  anus. 


1M.ATK  I 


PLATE   II 


•>«,.  ioo,  iti.  w  in.  wo   Tin    tat  l'»    AM. 


PLATE  III 


PLATE  IV 


PLATE   V 


PLATE   VI 


I 'I.  ATE   VII 


PLATE  VIII 


PLATE  IX 


PLATE  X 


u»  f.        100          300         ""0       \  Sal- 


CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  SYSTEMATIC  HKLMIN- 
TIIOLOGY. 

BY  ALLEN  J.  SMITH,  M.D.,  HERBERT  Fox,  M.D.,  AND 
C.  Y.  WHITE,  M.D. 

(From  the  McManes  Laboratory  of  Pathology  of  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania and  Laboratory  of  Comparative  Pathology  of 
the  Philadelphia  Zoological  Gardens.) 


THE  following  notes  of  identification,  believed  to  concern 
for  the  most  part  new  helminthological  species,  have  been 
made  in  the  course  of  study  of  the  parasites  enumerated  in 
the  synoptic  article  upon  parasites  in  this  journal  in  the 
pathological  laboratory  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
The  specimens  upon  which  the  descriptions  are  based  have 
been  obtained  for  the  most  part  from  animals  of  the  collec- 
tion of  the  Philadelphia  Zoological  Gardens  which  came  to 
autopsy  in  the  laboratory  of  the  Gardens  at  the  hands  of 
Drs.  Fox  and  White,  who  transmitted  them  for  identification 
to  the  first-named  writer.  While  most  are  new  species,  at 
least  one  has  been  included  which  has  been  previously  known, 
but  is  here  considered  because  it  seems  to  present  special 
variations. 

In  all  cases  where  the  material  permits,  types  of  these 
parasites  will  be  placed  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  in  Philadelphia,  as  well  as  in  the  Patho- 
logical Museum  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Tcenia  paradoxuri,  n.  s.  (Plate  II,  Figs.  1  to  5). 

The  material  (No.  14  of  Synopsis,  this  journal;  Path. 
Hist.,  1714)  in  this  instance  was  obtained  from  the  dejecta 


38 

of  a  living  animal,  a  Gray's  paradoxure,  ParaJoxurus  grayi 
(habitat,  India),  and  includes  one  well-developed  strobile 
of  the  tapeworm  together  with  fragments  of  several  more, 
one  of  these  fragments  consisting  of  a  second  head  and  some 
of  its  anterior  segments.  All  of  the  material  was  unfavorable 
for  study,  both  because  of  the  close  adherence  of  extraneous 
(fecal)  matter,  which  it  was  impossible  to  safely  dislodge 
either  by  mechanical  means  or  by  various  solvents  employed, 
and  because  the  tissue  of  the  worms  was  more  or  less  dis- 
integrated when  received  and  poorly  adapted  to  section  and 
staining  methods  of  study. 

The  complete  strobile  measures  160  mm.  in  length,  and 
is  made  up  of  over  three  hundred  segments.  It  attains  its 
greatest  width  in  the  level  between  120  and  140  mm.  from  the 
head,  where  the  links  (Fig.  4)  are  3  mm.  wide  and  1  mm.  long; 
thence  posteriorly  it  narrows  to  a  terminal  link  slightly  more 
than  1  mm.  wide  and  2  mm.  long.  The  anterior  links 
(Fig.  3)  are  decidedly  wide  in  proportion  to  their  length, 
measuring  at  20  mm.  from  the  head  0.45  mm.  wide  and  0.04 
to  0.06  mm.  long.  There  is  no  neck,  the  first  segment  being 
clearly  outlined  immediately  back  of  the  head,  being  0.25  mm. 
wide  and  0.03  mm.  long.  Viewed  laterally  the  head  (Fig.  1) 
is  slightly  wider  than  the  first  segments,  and  is  provided 
with  four  suckers  and  a  low,  broadly  conical,  retractile  ros- 
tellum  devoid  of  armature.  The  retractile  character  of  the 
rostellum  is  inferred  from  the  fact  that  in  one  of  the  heads 
the  frontal  region  between  the  suckers  was  practically  flat, 
while  in  the  other  the  conical  appearance  described  was 
definitely  present.  Viewed  from  the  front  (Fig.  2)  the  out- 
line of  the  head  is  a  quadrilateral,  with  the  dorsoventral 
diameter  slightly  greater  than  the  lateral  (dorsoventral,  0.35 
mm.;  lateral,  0.25  mm.).  The  suckers  are  prominent,  oval 
in  shape,  with  their  long  axes  in  the  long  axis  of  the  strobile ; 
and  open  by  a  curved,  slit-like  orifice  extending  in  the  lon- 
gitudinal direction  of  the  worm.  Suckers  measure  0.15  by 
0.13  mm. 


39 

(leiiital  pores  (Fig.  -1)  marginal,  irregularly  alternating; 
marked  by  very  large  orifices  and  prominent  lips;  an-  situated 
toward  the  anterior  part  of  (lie  margin  of  (he  link.  Ova 
(Fig.  5)  spheroidal,  with  thin,  smooth,  colorless  external 
wall  (outer  diameter  ,Vi  to  (il)  niieroinilliineters),  enclosing 
a  colorless,  finely  granular  albuminous  layer;  within  the 
latter  a  yellowish  embryophore,  ^0  mm.  in  diameter,  coarsely 
granular,  hexaeanthous.  Embryonal  hooklets  measure  18  to 
120  inieromilliineters  in  length. 

Tatnia  euturti'x,  n.  s.  (Plate  III). 

In  the  small  intestine  of  an  anaconda,  Eunectes  murinus 
(!'.  '/,.  G.  Lab.,  939),  there  were  encountered  seven  small 
eestodes,  apparently  entire,  together  with  a  half-dozen  un- 
developed strobiles  and  several  fragments  of  other  strobiles 
of  the  same  parasite  (Path.  Hist.,  1694;  No.  15,  Synopsis, 
this  journal).  The  largest  of  the  entire  strobiles  measured 
between  d..~>  and  10  cm.  in  length  and  was  made  up  of  between 
two  and  three  hundred  proglottides.  The  worm  reaches  its 
greatest  width  of  segments  at  about  7  cm.  from  the  head, 
where  it  is  2  mm.  in  width.  All  the  larger  specimens  were 
marked  at  various  positions  with  one  or  more  knot-like 
swellings  (probably  due  to  contraction  of  the  worm  in  life). 
The  head  (Fig.  2)  viewed  from  the  front  presents  a  crucial 
appearance  from  the  prominence  of  the  suckers,  measuring 
transversely  across  two  opposed  suckers  1.5  mm.  and  laterally 
across  two  adjacent  suckers  1.3  mm.  The  transverse  diam- 
eter of  the  square  front  between  opposed  suckers  measures 
0.4  mm.  The  suckers,  thus  prominent,  form  the  rounded 
arms  of  the  crucial  frontal  picture,  each  sucker  being  globose 
in  shape  and  having  a  lateral  diameter  of  about  0.7  mm. 
The  orifice  of  each  sucker  is  a  rather  wide  slit,  running 
laterally;  and  as  a  peculiarity,  common  to  all  the  heads 
included  in  the  material  obtained,  the  outer  wall  of  each 
sucker  is  depressed  and  its  margin  turned  in,  forming  an 


40 

angular  intrusion  into  the  cavity  of  the  sucker.  The  central 
part  of  the  front  of  the  head,  between  the  suckers,  forms  a 
broad  and  low  cone  (Fig.  1);  and  is  unarmed  in  all  the  speci- 
mens, but  the  cuticle  here  contains  numerous  small,  granular, 
non-polarizing  bodies,  which  in  life  probably  projected  slightly 
above  the  surface  to  give  it  a  slight  roughness.  Back  of  the 
suckers  the  head  is  prolonged  as  an  inverted  truncated  cone 
for  a  little  over  0.1  mm.,  narrowing  from  0.9  mm.  at 
the  level  just  behind  the  suckers  to  somewhat  over  0.3  mm. 
in  width  at  the  posterior  portion  where  the  segments  begin 
(the  level  of  truncation  of  the  inverted  cone). 

In  the  young  and  incompletely  formed  strobiles  (Fig.  1) 
the  proglottides  are  all  small,  those  next  the  head  somewhat 
broader  than  long,  but  soon  becoming  square  to  ovoid  in 
outline  and  more  loosely  attached  to  each  other  (moniliform) 
than  is  seen  in  any  part  of  the  adult  strobiles.  These  seem 
all  to  be  neuters,  and,  judging  from  their  shape  and  appear- 
ance, never  become  developed,  and  are  pushed  along  in  the 
growth  of  the  strobile  by  the  formation  of  efficient  links  as 
the  head  becomes  older.  In  the  fully  developed  strobiles 
the  neck  segments  are  at  first  about  a  millimeter  wide  (wider 
than  the  terminal  part  of  head)  and  0.1  mm.  long;  in  their 
fullest  development  (at  widest  part  of  strobile)  they  remain 
somewhat  wider  than  long  (2  mm.  wide  and  1  to  1 .8  mm.  long) ; 
thence  to  the  end  they  diminish  in  width,  becoming  square 
and  finally  longer  than  broad  (1.5  to  1.8  mm.  long  and  1  mm. 
or  less  in  width).  The  links  in  these  fully  formed  specimens 
are  not  sharply  defined  from  each  other,  the  anterior  margins 
of  a  given  proglottis  being  of  almost  the  same  width  as  the 
posterior  margin  of  its  predecessor,  thus  not  permitting  much 
overlapping  of  the  former  by  the  latter.  Without  staining 
the  lines  of  separation  between  the  proglottides  are  incon- 
spicuous, the  first  impression  being  of  a  continuous  surface. 
One  of  the  surfaces  of  the  larger  links  is  usually  somewhat 
convex,  the  opposite  side  showing  a  longitudinal  concave 
depression  along  the  middle  of  the  link.  Genital  pores 


41 

Irregularly  alternate.  'The  uterus  in  eUieieiit  but  as  yet  non- 
ovigcrous  links  (Fig.  I)  shows  as  a  median  longitudinal  tube, 
with  about  a  do/.en  lateral  branches  extending  toward  the 
margins  of  the  link,  these  when  filled  with  ova  showing  as 
thick,  round-ended,  club-like  branches.  The  two  ovaries 
and  vitelline  gland  lie  along  the  posterior  margin  of  the  link, 
much  as  in  Tasnia  saginata,  the  vitelline  gland  directly  back 
of  the  uterine  tube,  the  ovaries  spreading  out  on  either  side, 
their  oviducts  joining  the  uterine  canal  a  little  in  front  of  its 
posterior  end.  Between  the  uterus  and  the  genital  jx>re  there 
is  a  thick  plicated  tube,  regarded  by  the  writers  as  a  recep- 
taculuin  seminis.  The  cirrus  is  slender;  cirrus  pouch  thick 
and  muscular;  the  testes  in  non-gravid  links  numerously 
seen  in  the  lateral  fields. 

The  ova  (Fig.  5),  when  obtained  without  tearing  it,  show 
a  delicate  colorless  outer  sac  (amnion?),  within  which  lies  the 
ovum  proper;  this  sac  is  spheroidal  and  measures  85  to  90 
micromillimeters  in  diameter.  The  ovum  is  spherical, 
double  walled,  colorless,  with  a  coarsely  granular  and  some- 
what laminated  material  between  the  walls;  the  enclosed 
embryo  granular  and  provided  with  six  hooklets.  Outer 
diameter  of  ovum,  28  to  30  inieromillimeters;  diameter  of 
embryophore,  16  to  18  micromillimeters. 

Examination  of  helminthological  literature  at  command 
of  the  writers  has  thus  far  failed  to  show  any  ta?nia  having 
comparable  features  to  the  above,  and  for  this  reason  it  is 
believed  to  constitute  a  new  species,  for  which  the  name 
Tatiia  eunectes  is  proposed. 

Cotugnia  browni,  n.  s.  (Plate  II,  Figs.  6  to  10). 

From  the  tapeworms  of  the  type  of  the  dipylidium 
group,  with  two  sets  of  genital  organs  in  each  segment,  the 
genus  Cotugnia  was  framed  to  include  those  cestodes  having 
such  arrangement  of  the  genital  apparatus  met  in  birds  and 
provided  with  a  rostellar  armature  of  numerous  hooklets, 


42 

by  Diamare  (Boll.  soc.  di  naturalisti  in  Napoli,  1S93,  ser.  i, 
vol.  vii,  p.  10),  with  C.  diganopora  of  fowls  as  the  type. 
The  following  specimens  (Path.  Hist.,  1672)  are  believed  by 
the  writers  to  constitute  a  new  species  of  this  genus,  to  which 
provisionally  they  would  assign  the  name  Cotugnia  broivni.1 
The  material  was  obtained  at  autopsy  from  the  intestine  of 
a  banded  parrakeet,  Palceornis  fasciatus  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  1052), 
along  with  a  number  of  specimens  of  Spiroptera  incerta,  n.  s. 
There  were  included  four  strobiles,  the  largest  140  mm.  in 
length  and  apparently  entire;  two  two-thirds  to  three-fourths 
the  length  of  the  first  and  lacking  the  terminal  links;  and  the 
fourth  only  5  cm.  long  and  possessing  no  ripe  segments.  In 
addition  there  were  several  fragments  made  up  of  ripe  links, 
evidently  broken  from  one  or  other  of  the  shorter  strobiles. 
The  largest  example  attained  its  greatest  width  100  mm.  from 
the  head,  where  the  segments  were  4  mm.  wide,  diminishing 
thence  posteriorly,  so  that  the  terminal  links  were  but  3.5  mm. 
in  width.  The  strobile  included  a  few  more  than  two  hundred 
segments.  The  head  was  small  and  short,  with  quadrate 
front  (Figs.  6  and  7) ;  measured  0.3  mm.  in  length,  and  over 
the  front  dorsoventrally  0.55  mm.,  laterally  0.6  mm.  Four 
prominent  suckers,  globose  in  shape,  with  full  diameter  of 
0.2  mm.,  and  circular  orifice  0.05  mm.  in  diameter;  suckers 
unarmed.  Rostellum  of  all  the  heads  depressed,  provided 
with  a  circle  (Figs.  6  and  8)  of  numerous  (over  two  hundred) 
small  hooklets  (0.012  to  0.014  mm.  in  length).  Neck  short. 
First  links  (Fig.  7)  much  wider  than  long  (0.4  mm.  wide,  0.03 
to  0.05  mm.  long);  immature  links  showing  the  developing 
genital  organs  (60  to  80  mm.  from  head)  from  2.5  to  3  mm. 
wide  and  0.5  to  1  mm.  long;  largest  ripe  links  (100  to  110  mm. 
from  head),  4  mm.  wide  and  1.5  mm.  long;  terminal  links, 
3.5  mm.  wide  and  1.5  mm.  long.  Double  genital  apparatus 
(Fig.  9);  a  genital  pore  on  each  lateral  margin  of  link  at  first 


1  Named  for  Dr.  Arthur  Erwin    Brown,  Secretary  of   Philadelphia 
Zoological  Society. 


third  of  its  length,  the  cirrus  usually  protruded  for  0.1  or 
0.2  inin.,  smooth,  with  slightly  curved  end.  Cirrus  pouch 
thick  and  flnsk-sh;i]M'd,  anterior;  a  half-dozen  or  more  small 
testes  in  anterior  portion  of  link,  sessile  upon  the  vas 
deferens.  Vagina  thick-walled,  opening  into  a  spheroidal 
receptaculum  seminis  about  midway  between  anterior  and 
posterior  margins  of  link  and  external  to  testes;  ovary  rosette- 
shaped  and  lying  to  median  side  of  receptaculum;  vitelline 
gland  posterior  to  receptacnluni.  Uterine  tube,  with  egg 
sacs,  extends  along  the  posterior  margin  of  link  toward  median 
line,  the  tnk-s  of  the  two  sides  not  meeting.  In  ripe  links  the 
uterine  tubes  fill  nearly  the  entire  link,  the  ova  being  held  in 
the  reticulately  distributed  tubes  and  freed  therefrom  with 
difficulty  on  tearing  the  segments,  each  l>eing  held  by  some 
surrounding  adherent  material.  Ova  (Fig.  10)  colorless, 
spheroidal,  with  a  thin,  pliant  outer  membrane,  within  which 
is  a  granular  and  slightly  laminated  •  material  separating  the 
outer  membrane  from  the  embryo.  The  latter  has  no  distinct 
membrane  separating  it  from  the  surrounding  granular 
matter,  is  yellowish  in  hue,  hexacanthous,  coarsely  granular, 
and  its  outer  surface  rough  with  irregular  elevations.  Outer 
wall  of  ovum  measures  66  to  70  micromillimeters  in  length 
by  56  to  60  micromillimeters  transversely. 

Ascaris  lepfoptera,  Rudolphi  (ex  parte),  new  variety  (Plate  IV). 

The  ascarides  of  the  larger  members  of  the  cat  family 
have  been  the  source  of  no  little  confusion  from  the  first  in 
the  endeavor  to  separate  them  from  the  common  Ascaris 
canis  (Werner)  of  the  cat  and  dog;  and  there  is  little  con- 
stancy of  description  of  the  ascarides  derived  from  lions 
alone,  not  to  speak  of  the  differences  announced  between 
those  of  lions,  tigers,  and  other  of  these  larger  cats.  Rudolphi 
(Eniozoa,  II,  i,  p.  140)  created  a  new  species  of  the  group 
for  an  ascaris  from  a  lion  in  the  Zoological  Gardens  of  Leipsic, 
the  verity  of  which  has  at  one  time  been  affirmed  and  again 


44 

denied  by  nearly  every  writer  since  then.  Much  stress  was 
originally  laid  upon  the  precise  appearance  of  the  alar  cutic-' 
ular  expansions,  and  probably  much  of  the  confusion  has 
arisen  from  the  apparent  fact  that  these  are  by  no  means  con- 
stant in  size  and  shape,  and  seem  to  be  at  times  entirely 
absent.  That  there  are  several  closely  allied  species,  and  that 
there  may  be  a  number  of  more  or  less  distinct  variations,  can 
scarcely  be  denied,  and  until  breeding  experiments  are  added 
to  the  existing  morphological  observations  it  is  not  likely 
that  the  difficulties  of  classification  will  be  entirely  removed. 

To  illustrate  the  confused  status  of  the  question,  these 
outlined  descriptions  may  be  here  quoted.  Schneider 
(Nematoden,  p.  39;  PI.  I,  Fig.  5),  accepting  Rudolphi's 
specific  name,  Ascaris  leptoptera,  but  declaring  that  his 
original  specimens  were  but  Ascaris  canis  (Werner),  describes, 
from  material  including  several  hundred  specimens  from  a 
lion  born  in  London  and  examined  after  death  at  nineteen 
months  of  age  in  Berlin,  a  parasite  having  the  following 
characteristics:  Females,  65  mm.  long;  males,  46  mm.  long. 
Lips  equal,  digitate,  with  rather  pointed  anterior  margin 
and  broader  base.  Denticulation  poorly  developed  and 
inconspicuous,  only  showing  along  the  lateral  borders.  Lobes 
of  pulpa  of  dorsal  lip  long,  undivided.  Lateral  alar  mem- 
branes extend  from  head  4  mm.  posteriorly,  rounded  at 
posterior  termination.  The  head,  even  in  the  youngest 
examples,  is  deeply  retracted  between  the  salient  cuticular 
expansions.  Vulva  25  mm.  from  anterior  end  of  worm. 
Shell  of  ovum  thick,  unmarked  or  only  with  irregular, 
trabecular  reticulation.  Tail  of  male  lancet-shaped,  slightly 
broadened,  and  with  the  ventral  side  flattened.  Thirty- 
five  pairs  of  papillae,  six  postanal,  the  terminal  and  adjacent 
ones  with  conical  base;  the  rest  all  raised,  with  pointed  tips; 
all  in  uniform  row. 

Chatin  (Mem.  de  la  Soc.  de  Biol.,  1877,  p.  266)  records 
from  a  lion  a  number  of  ascarides  without  alar  cuticular 
expansions,  buccal  lobes  deeply  divided,  straight  esophagus 


45 

witli  ventricle  (bulb);  males  reaching  25  mm.  in  length  and 
having  long  double  genital  spirules;  females  attaining  a 
maximum  length  of  SO  mm.  and  with  the  vulva  anterior  to 
the  first  third  of  the  body  length.  ( )va  O.OS  mm.  (stated 
by  Chatin  O.S  mm. — evidently  a  mistake)  in  length  and 
0.07  1  mm.  transversely,  without  reticulation  of  the  shell.  For 
this  material  the  author  argues  identity  with  Rudolphi's 
original  .  l.vrr/n'.v  li'/iln/it/'ni. 

On  the  other  hand,  Linstow  (Arch.  mik.  Anat.,  Ix,  p.  217; 
PI.  XII,  Fig.  1)  differentiates  from  Ascaris  canis  (Werner) 
and  Ascaris  Icpfopfera,  Hud.,  an  allied  species,  under  the 
name  Aaruri.*  Iron  in,  having  the  following  characteristics: 
Lips  with  rather  broad  base,  finely  denticulated  borders, 
without  interlabia.  Dorsal  lip  broader  than  long,  anteriorly 
rounded,  its  papilla-  relatively  posteriorly  situated;  pulpa 
with  two  lobules  projecting  anteriorly,  each  showing  two 
rounded  anterior  prolongations.  A  lateral  alar  expansion 
on  each  side  of  head,  attaining  a  width  of  0.18  mm.  anteriorly 
and  diminishing  gradually  and  uniformly  as  it  extends  back- 
ward (those  of  A.  canis  and  A.  leptoptera  are  narrow  ante- 
riorly and  increase  in  width  posteriorly  to  reach  the  body 
wall  in  their  posterior  positions  by  a  sharp  and  almost  rec- 
tangular curve).  Males  attain  a  length  of  34  mm.  and  a 
thickness  of  0.99  mm.;  esophagus  1:  12  of  body  length; 
male  tail  acutely  conical,  with  small  digitate  tip;  the  feebly 
developed,  small  genital  spicules,  0.83  mm.  in  length;  21 
pre-anal  and  4  postanal  papillae  in  uniform  lines,  the  anterior 
ones  3.04  mm.  in  front  of  tip  of  tail.  Females  attain  53  mm. 
in  length  and  1.38  mm.  in  thickness;  caudal  end  lanceolate; 
vulva  at  5:  8  of  body  length.  Ova  with  thick,  smooth  shell, 
without  markings;  ova  measure  0.086  mm.  long  and  0.062  mm. 
in  transverse  diameter,  and  (a  rare  feature  in  genus  Ascaris) 
contain  a  fully  developed  larval  worm. 

In  the  material  from  the  Philadelphia  Zoological  Gar- 
dens there  were  included  ascarides  from  two  lions.  At 
autopsy  of  the  first  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  794),  a  lioness  about 


46 

ten  years  of  age  and  a  resident  of  the  Gardens  for 
nine  years,  dead  from  acute  peritonitis  following  puncture 
of  the  intestinal  wall  by  a  spicule  of  bone,  36  specimens 
(Path.  Hist.,  1102),  of  which  23  were  females  and  12 
males,  with  one  badly  damaged  example  undetermined, 
were  obtained  from  the  stomach  and  intestines.  In  addi- 
tion to  these  a  single  male  specimen  (Path.  Hist.,  1148) 
was  subsequently  submitted,  having  been  passed  in  the 
dejecta  of  a  lion  now  living  in  the  collection.  On  examina- 
tion it  was  found  to  present  precise  identity  with  the  first 
examples.  The  following  notes  of  description  were  made 
from  the  study  of  the  specimens  from  the  first  animal :  There 
is  considerable  variation  in  size  from  age  and  state  of  develop- 
ment. The  largest  female  measures  76  mm.  in  length;  the 
largest  male  62  mm.  Worms  cylindrical  in  section,  with 
thickest  level  near  middle  of  body  length;  and  taper  delicately 
anteriorly  and  posteriorly.  Preserved  specimens  colorless 
(but  with  a  reddish  tinge  in  some,  especially  toward  the 
posterior  extremity,  suggesting  that  in  life  they  were  of 
reddish  hue),  rigid.  In  both  sexes  the  head  end  is  inflexed. 
Cuticle  finely  striated  transversely,  expanded  at  head  end 
into  a  semilanceolate  alar  extension  (Fig.  2,  a),  beginning 
anteriorly  close  to  base  of  lips  and  in  the  larger  specimens 
extending  posteriorly  3  mm.,  its  widest  portion  at  about  its 
posterior  fourth,  where  it  attains  a  width  of  nearly  0.3  mm.,  its 
free  border  from  this  level  to  its  coalescence  with  the  body 
cuticle  becoming  thick  and  somewhat  rounded  (not  as  large 
or  as  cordate  in  outline  as  the  wings  of  Ascaris  cam's,  and  not 
crenulate).  Mouth  terminal,  provided  with  three  nearly 
equal  lips,  the  dorsal  lip  a  little  wider  than  the  others  (base 
of  dorsal  lip,  0.16  mm.  transversely;  of  inferior  lips,  0.13  mm). 
Diameter  of  face  of  cephalic  end,  0.25  mm.  Each  lip  bears 
two  papillae  on  external  surface.  Dorsal  lip  broader  than 
long  (0.12  mm.  from  base  to  anterior  border;  base,  0.16  mm. 
transversely);  anterior  border  convex  and  poorly  defined 
from  lateral  borders,  which  are  also  convex.  Poorly  marked 


47 

ilciiticiilation  along  both  anterior  and  lateral  borders  (some- 
what variable  in  the  clearness  of  denticnlation  in  dill'erent 
individuals).  1'ulpa  (Fig.  H)  shows  an  unpaired  median 
lobe  arising  from  base  for  one-third  the  length  of  lip;  the 
paired  loin's  lobulate  (anterior  and  lateral,  each  broad  and 
subdivided  as  in  drawing).  Saddle-groove  fairly  deep. 
Inferior  lips  narrower  and  more  digitate  (Fig.  4),  and  more 
closely  following  Schneider's  description  for  dorsal  lip 
i  .\finatixlcn,  Berlin,  IMili,  p.  39). 

Tail  of  male  (Fig.  7)  incurved  or  often  tightly  enrolled, 
without  cuticular  expansions,  terminating  in  a  short  cone 
(as  wide  at  level  of  cloaca  as  it  is  long  from  this  level),  ending 
in  a  small  cuticular  spicule.  Cloaca  0.18  mm.  from  tip  of 
tail.  Ventral  surface  of  tail  of  male  slightly  flattened. 
Twenty-seven  pairs  of  caudal  papilla-  (Fig.  6),  of  which  7 
are  postcloacal.  Of  the  postcloacal,  3  are  lateral,  small 
and  conical,  and  likely  to  be  overlooked,  near  the  end  of  the 
tail;  Nos.  4  and  5  are  also  small  conical  ones,  at  border  of 
flattened  ventral  surface;  Nos.  6  and  7  and  all  the  precloacal 
papilla-  appear  as  small  tips  set  upon  a  rounded  eminence. 
They  gradually  increase  in  size  anteriorly  and  are  set  in  a 
regular  row,  succeeding  Nos.  4  and  5  along  the  margin  of  the 
flattened  ventral  surface  of  tail.  Spicules  of  male  equal, 
small. 

Tail  of  female  (Fig.  8)  a  slender  cone  more  than  twice  as 
long  as  the  transverse  diameter  at  level  of  anus;  anus  0.7  mm. 
from  tip.  Tail  straight  or  occasionally  lightly  enrolled. 
Vulva  5  m.  from  anterior  end  (length  of  worm  used  for 
measurement,  7.4  cm.);  vagina  short,  dividing  into  two  uterine 
canals  with  long  plicated  ovarian  tubes,  ranging  posteriorly 
and  anteriorly  (anterior  to  vulvar  level).  Ova  nearly 
spherical  to  oval  in  shape,  smooth  externally,  and  without 
markings  on  shell,  thick-shelled,  containing  larva-,  measur- 
ing from  65  to  80  micromillimeters  in  diameter  for  the 
spheroidal  examples,  and  for  the  oval  ones  from  75  to  85 
in  length  and  from  55  to  75  micromillimeters  transversely 


48 

(one  very  large  example  out  of  several  hundred  observed 
measured  105  by  55  micromillimeters).  The  ova  here  de- 
scribed were  taken  from  the  uterine  tube  of  a  damaged 
female,  the  genital  tubes  and  intestine  being  protruded 
through  the  broken  body  wall  and  hanging  freely  exposed  in 
the  4  per  cent,  solution  of  formaldehyde  used  as  a  preservative 
for  twelve  days  before  the  study  was  made.  Nevertheless, 
in  many  of  the  ova  active  vermicular  movements  persisted 
in  the  enclosed  larval  worms. 

From  comparison  of  the  above  data  with  the  descriptions 
quoted  in  the  early  part  of  the  article  it  is  clear  that  the 
present  specimens  are  to  be  classified  as  an  intermediate 
variety  between  Ascaris  leptoptera  and  Linstow's  Ascaris 
leonis.  Whether,  in  view  of  the  marked  variations  which 
seem  possible  in  these  leonine  ascarides,  it  is  justifiable  on 
purely  morphological  grounds  to  accept  their  specific  separa- 
tion is  of  course  an  open  question;  and  to  the  writer  it  seems 
doubtful  whether  the  matter  can  be  determined  short  of 
careful  feeding  experiments.  It  is  true  the  specimens  here 
described  seem  more  nearly  related  with  Linstow's  Ascaris 
leonis  than  with  Ascaris  leptoptera,  Rud.,  as  described  by 
Schneider;  but  in  view  of  the  existing  uncertainty  it  has 
seemed  best  to  adhere  tentatively  to  the  older  specific  name 
and  relate  our  specimens  as  a  variation  thereof. 

Ascaris  aquillce,  n.  s.  (Plate  V). 

There  were  obtained  from  the  proventricle  of  an  American 
bald  eagle,  Halioetus  leucocephalus  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  959),  two 
nematode  worms  (Path.  Hist.,  1637;  No.  32,  Synopsis,  this 
journal)  at  autopsy.  Both  were  females  and  one  was  badly 
damaged,  the  head  lost  and  the  esophagus  protruding  from 
the  broken  end.  It  is  stated  that  in  addition  to  these  speci- 
mens from  the  proventricle,  larval  filarial  worms  had  in  life 
been  found  in  the  blood  of  this  worm,  but  at  autopsy  no  adult 
filaria?  were  encountered. 


49 

The  following  description  is  based  upon  a  study  of  the 
single  perfect  s|)eciiiieii.  The  worm  is  evlindrical  in  section, 
.">()  inin.  in  length  and  !..">  nun.  in  diameter  at  its  thickest  level 
(in  third  fourth  of  the  body  length),  ta|>criiig  anteriorly 
gradually  to  a  rather  bluntly  rounded  head  O.L'.")  nun.  in 
diameter  at  base  of  lips,  and  tapering  [xisteriorh  more 
rapidly  to  terminate  in  a  straight,  acutely  conical  tail.  When 
received  the  specimens  were  colorless,  with  brownish  lines 
of  the  intestine  showing  through  the  relatively  opaque  and 
thick  IM><IV  walls.  Cuticle  transversely  striated;  no  alar 
expansions  or  other  cutirular  peculiarity.  There  are  three 
thick  and  prominent  lips  ( Fig.  3),  each  with  two  papillse; 
well-marked  interlabia.  Lips  free  from  dentieulation, 
nearly  symmetrical  and  equal.  Dorsal  lip  (Figs.  1  and  2) 
four-sided,  the  anterior  border  deeply  divided ;  groove  of  saddle 
deep  and  prolonged  well  to  base.  Anterior  border  projecting 
well  beyond  the  pulpaon  each  side  of  saddle  (likea  finger-nail), 
its  anterolateral  angles  anriculate  (the  lateral  border  being 
infolded  and  causing  the  angle  to  project  slightly  forward 
and  laterally).  Lateral  bonier  a  double  curve,  concave 
anteriorly  and  convex  posteriorly;  apparently  the  entire 
margin  infolded.  Base  about  equal  to  anterior  border  of  lip. 
Median  impaired  lobe  of  pulpa  extends  from  base  about  half- 
way to  anterior  margin  of  lip;  two  paired  lobes,  the  inner  large, 
its  inner  border  straight  and  parallel  with  saddle-groove,  its 
outer  border  broadly  rounded  to  the  tip,  which  is  directed 
forward  and  slightly  medianly.  The  outer  lobule,  more 
slender,  extends  further  anteriorly,  is  undivided,  and  is 
directed  anteriorly  and  toward  the  median  line.  Interlabia 
large,  the  margins  infolded.  Width  of  dorsal  lip  at  base,  150 
micrornillimeters;  width  of  anterior  margin,  140  micromilli- 
meters,  distance  from  base  to  anterior  margin,  110  micro- 
millimeters.  Esophagus  long  and  slender,  provided  with  a 
small  and  inconspicuous  bulb  at  its  posterior  end,  this  latter 
with  a  posteriorly  directed,  finger-like  diverticulum.  Intes- 
tine at  its  beginning  provided  with  a  large,  anteriorly  directed, 


50 

cecum-like  diverticulum.  Intestine  and  esophagus  brown. 
Intestine  large,  straight,  with  numerous  irregularities  (like 
the  haustra  of  the  human  colon),  terminating  at  subterminal 
anus.  Vulva  small,  inconspicuous,  anterior  to  middle  of 
body  length.  Vagina  long,  slender,  muscular,  opening  into 
a  capacious  uterine  canal  with  thin  walls,  which  soon  divides 
into  two  uterine  tubes.  Ovarian  tubes  very  long  and  plicated 
tortuously  about  uterus  and  intestine.  The  ova  (Fig.  5)  are 
very  variable  in  appearance  (taken  from  both  specimens). 
The  best  examples  are  elliptical  to  ovate  in  shape,  with  a  thin, 
colorless,  pliant  shell-membrane,  the  external  surface  of  which 
is  thickly  beset  with  small  tubercle-like  projections;  the 
interior  yellowish  and  coarsely  granular,  often  segmented, 
and  many  examples  containing  larval  worm  met.  They 
range  from  80  to  90  micromillimeters  in  length  and  from  50 
to  60  micromillimeters  in  width  (one  very  large  example 
measuring  100  by  70  micromillimeters  was  seen).  In  the 
absence  of  the  male  no  full  description  is  possible,  but  the 
above  features  are,  as  far  as  the  writers  at  present  know, 
unique.  The  parasite  approaches  Ascaris  spicidigera, 
Rudolphi,  and  Ascaris  nasuta,  Schneider,  both  from  pelicans 
and  similar  birds,  and  Ascaris  granulosa,  Schneider,  from 
Tachypetes  aquilus;  but  differs  sufficiently  in  the  details  of 
the  lip  structure  to  permit  specific  differentiation. 

Ascaris  ardece,  n.  s.  (Plate  VI). 

In  a  group  of  helminths  obtained  from  the  alimentary  tract 
of  a  North  American  blue  heron,  Ardea  herodias  (P.  Z.  G. 
Lab.,  1158),  there  were  found  twelve  ascarides  (Path.  Hist., 
1681 ;  No.  34  of  Synopsis,  this  journal),  8  females  and  4  males. 
The  host  from  which  they  were  obtained  died  within  a  week 
after  its  reception  in  the  Gardens,  and  unfortunately  the  pre- 
cise records  of  the  part  of  the  alimentary  tract  inhabited  by 
these  worms  were  not  made.  There  were  also  found  frag- 
ments of  a  tapeworm  (T.  unilateral™,  Dujardin)  and  a  single 


61 

example  of  an  undereribed  dispharagiis;  ihe  autopsy  protocol 
stating  for  the  entire  material  that  (lie  parasites  were  found 
in  the  proventriele,  stomach,  and  intestine.  Presumably, 
inasmuch  as  the  tapeworm  fragments  are  much  more  likely 
to  have  been  in  the  intestine  and  because  the  dispharagus 
was  a  solitary  example,  some  of  these  asea rides  were  found  in 
the  upper  portion  of  the  tract. 

The  specimens  are  colorless,  rigid,  round  in  section,  thick- 
est posterior  to  middle  of  body  length,  ta|>ering  attenuately 
to  the  anterior  and  less  finely  posteriorly.  Cuticle  finely 
striated  transversely,  without  alar  expansions;  longitudinal 
lateral  line's  well-marked. 

The  largest  female  measures  SO  mm.  in  length,  and  at 
thickest  level  (about  third  fourth  of  length)  1.8  mm.  in  diam- 
eter. Head  (Fig.  1)  at  base  of  lips  0.4  mm.  in  diameter; 
head  rounded,  with  three  prominent  lips  and  well-marked 
interlabia  (Fig.  2).  Lips  nearly  equal,  the  superior  provided 
with  two  and  each  ventrolateral  lip  with  one  papilla.  Su- 
perior lip  (Fig.  3)  four-sided,  the  angles  rounded,  anterior 
and  lateral  lx>rders  finely  denticulate,  lateral  borders 
convex. 

Lip  deeply  grooved;  unpaired  lobe  of  pulpa  prominent; 
lateral  lobes  provided  with  anteromedian,  anterior,  and  lateral 
lobules.  Esophagus  with  triradiate  lumen,  slender,  expand- 
ing posteriorly  in  clavate  fashion,  without  bulb,  but  with  a 
valve-like  opening  into  the  intestine.  Intestine  simple, 
straight,  terminating  at  anus  1.1  mm.  from  tip  of  tail.  Tail 
(Fig.  4)  acutely  conical.  Vulva  :-50  mm.  from  head  end. 
Ova  (Fig.  5)  taken  from  uterus  measured  105  to  110  micro- 
millimeters  in  length,  96  to  100  micromillimeters  trans- 
versely, spheroidal  in  shape,  with  colorless  skell  marked  by 
thickly  set  pits  (giving  at  first  impression  the  appearance 
of  fine  spines  over  the  surface  but  really  pitted,  and  the  walls 
of  the  uterus  where  these  ova  lay  having  elevations  corre- 
sponding with  the  pits);  interior  in  advanced  segmentation, 
brownish.  The  females  in  the  posterior  half  of  the  body 
usually  closely  coiled. 


The  largest  male  measures  72  mm.  in  length  and  at 
thickest  level  (about  the  posterior  third)  1.5  mm.  in  diameter. 
Anterior  end  as  in  female.  Tail  rigidly  incurved,  and  at 
level  of  cloaca  narrowed  to  0.4  mm.  in  diameter,  from 
which  level  it  becomes  bluntly  rounded  with  a  small 
acutely  conical  tip  projecting  0.25  mm.  beyond  and  curved 
dorsally,  giving  an  ungulate  appearance  to  the  end  of 
the  tail  (Figs.  6  and  7).  Cloaca  0.15  mm.  anterior  to 
level  of  truncation.  Genital  spicules  double,  equal,  curved, 
brownish,  1.3  mm.  in  length.  Details  of  caudal  papillae 
determined  with  difficulty  because  of  the  rigid  curving  of 
the  tail  and  the  opacity  of  the  specimens.  On  the  small 
conical  tip  there  are  two  pairs,  No.  ]  at  posterior  third  of  tip; 
No.  2  at  anterior  third  of  tip;  No.  3  close  to  level  of  truncation, 
large  and  conical;  No.  4  conical  and  smaller  than  No.  3, 
at  level  of  cloaca;  anterior  to  cloaca  five  or  more  pairs  of 
smaller  papilla1,  more  widely  separated  than  Nos.  3  and  4. 

Compared  with  Ascaris  serpentidus,  Rudolphi,  these 
worms  present  many  common  features,  and  were  at  first 
regarded  as  probably  identical.  They  differ  however,  very 
clearly  in  a  number  of  characters.  Among  other  points  the 
absence  of  alar  cuticular  expansions  at  the  anterior  end,  the 
more  marked  division  or  lobulation  of  the  paired  lobes  of 
the  pulp  of  the  lips,  the  broader  anterior  margin  of  the  lips, 
the  smaller  size  and  more  spherical  shape  of  the  ova  seem 
sufficient  justification  for  regarding  the  worms  in  hand  as  of 
separate  species.  Differentiation  from  Linstow's  Ascaris 
reticulata  from  Ardea  crocoi  (Mith.  aus  d.  Zodl.  Samml.  f. 
Naturk.  in  Berlin,  i,  heft  2,  p.  7)  is  readily  made  by  the 
absence  of  interlabia  and  denticulationof  the  lips  in  the  latter, 
as  well  as  by  other  striking  differences. 

Oxyuris  microtyphlon,  n.  s.  (Plate  VII). 

Rudolphi  (Synopsis,  p.  285;  No.  45)  originally  described 
under  the  name  Ascaris  megafyphlon  certain  small  nematode 


parasites  obtained  from  (lie  ceca  of  two  iguanas  (Iguana 
hiliiTi-iilnttn  preserved  in  ali-ohol,  j,'iviiifj  tin-  s|>ecitie  name 
from  tin-  size  of  the  intestine  just  back  of  the  esophageal 
bulb.  His  general  description  is  brief:  "Hie  diinidiam  ad 
Ires  lincas  lonjrir,  crassinscula1.  flaccida1,  c|uaili  pturinUB 
I'riiiinii'.  Cdjint  valvulis  trihiis  aciitinsculis.  Corpus  feminie 
retrorsum  incrassatiim  tandem  longe  subnlatum;  maris 
obtuso  truncatnin,  i/niilali  longo  recto  teimi  in  altero  ante 
apieem  cwrto."  I  lis  furtlicr  discussion  concerns  theappear- 
anee  of  the  esophagus  and  first  part  of  the  intestine,  and 
his  interpretation  of  its  parts  by  analogy  with  the  divisions 
of  tin-  alimentary  canal  of  higher  animals.  Dujardin  (Hist. 
\nl.  ill's  llrlmintfu'x,  ]>.  1  Hi.  Paris.  IM.~>),  identifying  material 
from  the  same  host  with  the  above,  erected  a  new  genus, 
Ozolaimus,  of  which  the  worm  in  question  formed  for  him 
the  single  species.  His  description  follows:  "Corps  blanc 
fusiforme  plus  ou  moins  recourbe,  long  de  5  a  8  mm.,  10  a 
12  fois  plus  long  que  large;  tete  a  deux  lobes  late"raux  plus 
ecart^s  vers  le  haut;  bouche  verticale;  pharynx  r^tr^ci 
obtus,  par  les  lobes  internes,  a  travers  lesquels  on  voit  1 'orifice 
triangulaire  du  canal  oesophagien;  oesophage  brunatre, 
long  de  2.8  mm. ,  traverse"  par  un  canal  triangulaire,  dont 
les  ar6tes  sont  occupies  chacune  par  une  petite  gouttiere 
tubuleuse;  primiere  partie  de  l'o?sophage  longue  de  1.14  mm. 
large  de  0.08  mm.  au  milieu,  et  renflee  en  un  fuseau  large  de 
0.16  mm.  avant  de  se  joindre  par  une  sorte  d'articulation 
avec  le  suivante;  deuxieme  partie  de  1 'oesophage  longue  de 
1.66  mm.,  d'abord  aussi  large,  puis  retre"cie  jusqu'k  n'avoir 
que  0.05  mm.,  et  se"pare"e,  par  un  e"tranglement  du  ventricule 
large  de  0.18  mm.  turbine";  cavite"  interne  du  ventricule  tri- 
angulaire, et  revetue  par  une  membrane  striee  transversale- 
ment;  intestin  tres-gonfle"  en  arriere  du  ventricule,  plus 
e"troit  en  approchant  de  1'anus;  tegument  stri6  transversale- 
ment,  et  muni  de  deux  bandes  opposees  granuleuses,  larges 
de  0.05  mm. ;  stries  ecartees  de  0.0045  mm.  k  0.007  mm. 

"  MAle  long  de  5  mm.,  large  de  0.5  mm.,  recourbe"  en  arriere; 


54 

queue  obliquement  tronque'e  et  comme  onguicule'e,  ou  ter- 
minee  obliquement  par  un  appendice  de"  prime",  arque";  anus 
pres  de  1'extre'mite';  spicule  simple,  presque  droit,  tres-aigu, 
long  de  1.25  mm.,  large  de  0.025  mm.  pres  de  sa  base,  con- 
tenu  dans  une  gaine  fibreuse  et  musculeuse  qui  le  fait  saillir 
en  se  contractant,  retractile  au  moyen  de  deux  muscles 
syme'triques  insures  a  sa  base. 

"  Femelle  longue  de  7.5  mm.  a  8.2  mm.,  large  de  0.66  mm. 
a  0.70  mm. ;  queue  droite,  amincie  peu  a  peu  et  termine'e  en 
point  mousse;  anus  situe"  a  0.25  mm.  de  1'extre'mite';  vulve 
saillante  et  boursoufle'e,  situe"e  au  quart  poste"rieur  de  la 
longeur,  a  1.5  mm.  de  1'anus;  uterus  et  oviductes  replies  et 
comme  pelotonnes  au-dessus  de  la  vulve;  ceufs  elliptiques 
longs  de  0.096  mm.  a  0.1  mm.,  larges  de  0.053  mm." 

Later,  Schneider  (Monographic  der  Nematoden,  Berlin, 
1866,  p.  120)  properly  placed  the  worm  in  the  genus  Oxyuris 
and  from  poorly  preserved  material  described  the  female  as 
3.5  mm.  in  length  and  the  male  2.3  mm.  "Mund  mit  (?) 
Lippen.  (Esophagus  mit  einem  Bulbus,  darin  ein  Zahn- 
apparat  Bursa  wie  ein  Fingernagel  gestaltet.  Afterende 
kegelformig  weit  nach  hinten  vorragend.  Spiculum  sehr  lang. 
Papillen  ?"  Schneider  gives  a  plate  of  the  tail  of  the  male 
(Taf.  VII,  Fig.  9),  which  we  have  reproduced  in  outline 
(Fig.  9). 

In  1905,  Dr.  C.  Y.  White,  then  pathologist  to  the  Phila- 
delphia Zoological  Gardens,  referred  about  200  small  nema- 
todes,  of  which  only  6  were  males,  which  he  had  obtained  at 
autopsy  from  the  large  intestine  of  an  Iguana  tuberculata, 
to  the  senior  writer  for  identification.  They  followed 
closely  the  description  of  Dujardin,  save  that  the  ova  were 
larger  (118  x  53  to  133  x  68  microm.)  and  ellipsoidal  rather 
than  elliptical;  there  were  three  nearly  equal  lips  to  the  mouth 
without  apparent  papillae,  and  with  the  mouth-opening  appear- 
ing triradiate  between  the  lips  instead  of  a  vertical  mouth 
with  two  lateral  lobes.  As  in  Dujardin 's  description,  the 
anus  was  subterminal  in  the  female,  tail  did  not  terminate 


55 

finely,  tlir  vulva  occupying  the  same  relative  ]x>sition  and 
presenting  the  same  prominent  appearance  U.  described  by 
this  author.  The  tail  of  the  male  was  unfortunately  not 
studied  in  its  details  at  the  time,  and  the  unused  males  were 
lost  by  a  student  to  whom  they  were  entrusted  for  histo- 
logical  study;  but  the  general  features  of  shape  and  size  as 
well  as  the  appearance  and  size  of  the  spicule  were  noted, 
lateral  calcareous  bands,  as  described  by  Dujardin,  were 
constant  in  the  specimens,  and,  too,  scattered  granules  in  the 
walls  of  the  alimentary  and  genital  tubes.  Believing  witli 
Sclineidertlial  there  is  doubt  as  to  the  correctness  of  Dujardin's 
description  of  the  mouth,  we  regard  this  material  as 
identical  with  the  oxyuris  of  the  writers  quoted. 

Some  months  later  (1906)  Dr.  Fox,  the  present  pathologist 
to  the  Zoological  Gardens,  obtained  at  autopsy  from  the  large 
intestine  of  another  species  of  iguana  (Cyclura  nubila)  numer- 
ous specimens  of  a  smaller  nematode,  which  on  superficial 
examination  was  believed  to  be  Oxyuris  megatyphlon;  but 
subsequent  study  has  shown  differences  of  structure  constant 
and  sufficient  in  character  in  our  view  to  require  reference 
of  our  specimens  to  a  new  but  closely  allied  species,  for  which 
we  propose  the  name  Oxyuris  microtyphlon.  The  notes  of 
study,  made  October  30,  1906,  follow:  "Several  hundred 
specimens  of  a  small  nematode  worm  obtained  from  the 
cecum  of  an  iguana  which  had  died  in  the  Philadelphia 
Zoological  Gardens  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  827)  were  submitted  for 
identification,  a  very  large  proportion  being  quite  small  and 
undeveloped,  the  majority  of  the  developed  examples  being 
non-gravid  females.  Of  the  developed  specimens,  the  largest, 
females,  measure  5  to  6  mm.,  or  slightly  more,  in  length,  the 
males  attaining  a  maximum  length  of  4.5  mm.  The  worms  in 
transverse  section  are  round ;  viewed  in  length  are  delicately 
fusiform,  tapering  anteriorly  from  the  thickest  part  near  the 
middle  (0.3  to  0.5  mm.)  to  a  rounded  head  which  measures 
roughly  between  0.05  and  0.1  mm.  in  diameter.  Posteriorly 
the  females  (Figs.  5  and  6)  taper  gradually  to  the  anus,  where 


56 

they  measure  about  0.2  mm.  in  thickness,  the  tail  continuing 
about  a  millimeter  beyond,  straight  and  almost  effilate,  to  a 
fine  point.  The  tail  of  the  male  (Figs.  7  and  8)  ends  obliquely, 
closely  resembling  the  tail  of  Oxyuris  megatyphlon  in  general 
appearance,  and  presenting  an  ungulate  tip  as  in  the  latter 
worm;  the  tail  of  male  examples  widely  curved  to  ventral 
side.  The  worms  are  colorless,  the  cuticle  transparent, 
delicate,  and  finely  striated  transversely.  The  longitudinal 
granular  bands  seen  in  0.  megatyphlon  are  absent. 

Mouth  small,  provided  with  three  nearly  equal  lips  (Fig.  3), 
each  with  two  fairly  prominent  papilhe;  esophagus  (Figs.  5 
and  7)  long  and  straight,  without  the  fusiform  widening 
characteristic  of  0.  megatyphlon,  and  showing  a  well-marked 
spheroidal  ventricle  (bulb)  at  the  junction  with  the  intestine 
proper.  Compared  with  O.  megatyphlon  (Fig.  12)  it  presents 
a  more  slender  esophagus;  in  fully  developed  females 
occupying  from  one-sixth  to  one-third  the  body  length  (being 
proportionately  shorter  and  thicker  in  larger  and  gravid 
specimens,  in  which  it  seems  crowded  anteriorly),  and  in 
several  males  measured,  nearly  half  of  the  full  length.  The 
esophageal  bulb,  like  that  of  0.  megatyphlon,  contains  a 
three-pieced  armament;  and  in  large  females  is  about  0.2  mm. 
in  diameter.  The  beginning  of  the  intestine  (the  part  called 
the  cecum  by  Rudolphi)  is  generally  smaller  than  in  0. 
megatyphlon,  but  rather  variable;  the  intestinal  tube  straight. 
In  the  female  the  anus  is  about  a  millimeter  from  the  tip  of  the 
tail  (from  0.8  to  1.4  mm.  in  different  examples  measured), 
and  is  guarded  by  two  rather  prominent  transverse  lips. 
Just  within,  upon  the  walls  of  the  intestine,  are  several  small 
rounded  structures,  probably  anal  glands.  The  anus  of  the 
male  opens  subterminally  in  a  cloaca  with  the  genital  organs. 
Esophagus  and  intestine  of  both  sexes  brownish.  The 
calcareous  granules  seen  so  numerously  upon  the  walls  of  the 
intestine  and  generative  tubes  in  0.  megatyphlon  are  absent. 

The  generative  apparatus  (Fig.  5)  of  the  female  consists 
of  two  ovarian  tubes  and  their  oviducts,  closely  plicated  along 


67 

(lie  intestine,  which  unite  into  a  single  iiieriue  tube,  this 
continuing  Uft  thick-walled  vagina  to  open  at  a  vulvar  orifice, 
guarded  by  two  prominent  transverse  lips,  a  short  distance 
lit.  I  to  u. s  111111.)  anterior  to  the  anal  orifice,  the  vulva  being 
thus  relatively  more  anterior  than  in  0.  megaiyphlon.  The 
fully  formed  ova  (Fig.  1)  are  ellipsoid  in  shape,  usually 
slightly  flatter  on  one  side  than  on  the  opposite,  and  range 
from  145  x  62  to  170  x  85  inicrom.  in  size  (from  measure- 
ments of  a  do/en  or  more,  obtained  from  several  females). 
The  shells  are  smooth,  delicate,  simple,  somewhat  pliant, 
and  colorless;  the  vitelline  substance  yellow  and  granular;  and 
with  development  a  colorless,  finely  granular  embryo  takes 
its  place.  It  is  to  lie  remarked  further  that  the  writer  found 
several  large  females  among  the  preserved  material  which 
contained  well-formed  larval  worms  in  their  interiors,  these 
showing  the  general  structural  features  of  the  adults.  From 
one  example  as  many  as  five  of  these  larva1  were  dragged  in 
the  dissection.  It  is  not  known  whether  these  may  not  have 
developed  within  the  parent  from  the  ova  after  death  of  the 
worm  (but  this  is  suspected  Ix-cause  developed  ova  and  free 
larvse  were  in  no  instance  found  together  in  any  of  the  female 
worms)  or  whether  the  worm  is  ovoviviparous. 

In  the  male  the  two  tubular  testes  are  disposed  as  the  ovi- 
ducts in  the  female,  terminating  in  a  sperm  sac.  The  spicule 
(Figs.  4,  7  and  8)  is  single,  long,  and  often  double-curved, 
the  distal  curve  directed  dorsally  (is  sometimes  straight). 
The  cuticular  tip  of  the  tail  (Fig.  4)  of  the  male  is  straighter 
than  that  of  O.  mfgatyphlon,  its  sides  infolded.  It  is  supported 
ventrally  by  a  median  intracuticul'ar  spine  which  ends  in 
four  small  prominences  on  the  ventral  side  of  the  tip  of  the 
tail,  and  which  shows  in  the  median  line  of  its  base  a  second, 
smaller  spine,  bipartite  at  its  free  end.  At  the  base  of  the 
latter,  just  back  of  the  cloacal  margin,  there  are  on  each  side 
three  small  papillir,  the  largest  next  the  small  median  spine, 
the  other  two  diminishing  in  size.  The  posterior  lip  of  the 
cloaca  is  bilobed,  the  anterior  trilobed,  the  median  lobe  the 
largest. 


58 

From  the  above  description  the  general  similarity  to  0. 
megatyphlon  is  apparent.  The  differences  briefly  stated  in 
resume  are  as  follows:  The  adult  worms  are  considerably 
smaller  in  size  than  O.  megatyphlon  (according  to  our  measure- 
ments of  0.  megatyphlon  and  those  of  Dujardin;  equal 
according  to  Rudolphi's,  considerably  larger  according  to 
Schneider's  data);  and  the  head  is  relatively  smaller  than  in 
0.  megatyphlon  (our  measurements).  The  papillary  emi- 
nences on  the  lips  are  clear  and  constant;  but  these  are  not 
apparent  in  O.  megatyphlon.  The  calcareous  granules  of 
the  cuticular  bands  and  in  the  walls  of  the  alimentary  and 
genital  tubes  are  constant  in  0.  megatyphlon,  but  are  uni- 
formly absent  in  the  case  of  the  present  specimens.  The 
fusiform  swelling  of  the  esophagus,  regarded  by  Rudolphi 
as  a  proventricle,  is  constant  in  our  specimens  of  0.  mega- 
typhlon (Fig.  12);  is  uniformly  absent  from  0.  microtyphlon. 
The  size  of  the  first  part  of  the  intestine  (Rudolphi's  cecum) 
is  usually  smaller  than  in  O.  megatyphlon.  The  vulva  is 
relatively  closer  to  the  anus  and  considerably  more  anterior 
to  the  tip  of  the  tail  in  the  female  of  0.  microtyphlon  (cf. 
Figs.  5  and  11);  and  the  tail  is  invariably  long  and  finely 
drawn  out  instead  of  being  slightly  blunt  as  in  0.  mega- 
typhlon (in  the  larval  forms  of  the  latter  the  tail  is  quite  as  in 
0.  microtyphlon,  and  the  larvae  are  practically  indistinguish- 
able). The  shape  and  general  appearance  of  the  ova  are 
very  similar,  but  the  invariably  larger  size  of  those  of  the 
smaller  worm  (compare  Figs.  1  and  2)  is  clear  from  the 
material  examined  by  us  (and  they  exceed  by  one- half  to  three- 
fourths  the  measurements  given  by  Dujardin).  Apparently 
(from  camera  lucida  tracings)  the  ungulate  tip  of  the  tail  of 
0.  megatyphlon  is  slightly  larger  and  is  less  straight  than  that 
of  0.  microtyphlon,  but  the  failure  to  note  the  finer  details 
of  structure  of  the  former  prevents  close  comparison  (com- 
pare Figs.  4  and  10).  The  difference  from  the  tail  of  0. 
megatyphlon  as  depicted  by  Schneider  (Fig.  9)  is  striking. 

The  iguana  from  which  the  examples  in  question  were 


59 

obtained  was  one  purchased  by  the  Zoological  (Jardens  from 
an  animal  dealer,  and  no  record  as  to  its  precise  original 
habitat  exists  save  that  it  was  a  Cuban  iguana.  It  had  l>een 
in  the  <  lanlens  from  .Mine  1'it,  HK)6,  until  its  death,  September 
11,  HH)(i.  The  cause  of  death  was  not  determined. 


Chbocephalm  macari,  n.  s.   (Plate  VIII). 

In  examining  the  intestine  of  a  pig-tailed  macaque,  Macacus 
ni-inr.ilrinus  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  508),  there  were  found  free  in  the 
lumen  and  in  several  tiny  siihiniicous  cysts  of  the  wall  seven 
small  nematodes  (Path.  Hist.,  1673),  which  from  their  gross 
ap|>earanres  were  at  first  lielieved  to  be  identical,  but  which 
njx)ii  careful  examination  proved  to  include  five  esopha- 
gostomes  and  two  examples  of  a  globocephalus.  It  is  im- 
possible at  this  time  to  indicate  which  of  the  specimens 
inhabited  the  cysts  and  which  were  free  in  the  intestinal  tube. 
Both  specimens  of  the  globocephalus  were  females  and  of 
nearly  the  same  size.  The  larger  measured  16  mm.  in  length, 
and  at  its  thickest  level,  near  the  middle  of  the  body  length, 
0.5  mm.  in  diameter.  Cuticle  delicate,  transparent,  distinctly 
striated  transversely.  The  worm  tapered  regularly  and 
gradually  anteriorly  to  a  rounded  head  measuring  0.25  mm. 
in  transverse  diameter;  and  posteriorly  tapered  to  a  finely 
conical,  straight  tail.  No  cuticular  expansions  or  swellings. 
Head  (Fig.  3)  rounded  and  provided  with  a  prominent 
spheroidal  cavity,  0.17  mm.  in  transverse  diameter,  with  an 
elliptical  chitinous  ring  about  the  mouth  and  a  triangular 
chitinous  ring  (sides  convexly  curved)  at  its  base  about  the 
esophageal  opening,  these  connected  by  a  lateral  longitudinal 
piece.  Over  the  head  the  surface  presents  a  peculiar  mosaic 
appearance  (Fig.  1)  given  by  certain  prism-like  cells  (feebly 
polarizing;  are  they  crystalline?),  whose  ends  underlie  the 
cuticle  about  the  buccal  cavity.  Mouth  terminal,  elliptical,  its 
long  axis  dorsoventral,  the  chitinous  ring  about  it  measuring 


60 

in  long  axis  0.14  mm.,  and  in  short  axis  0.06  mm.  Looking 
into  the  mouth,  it  seems  to  be  surrounded  by  a  row  of  fine 
spines,  directed  inwardly  and  toward  the  centre  (the  appear- 
ance may,  however,  be  given  by  the  bordering  prism-like 
cells).  Within  the  mouth  cavity  (Figs.  2  and  3),  springing 
from  the  base  and  apparently  set  in  the  chitinous  ring  about 
the  esophageal  opening,  is  an  armature  of  three  complexly 
curved  chitinous  plates.  Esophagus  0.75  mm.  long,  flask- 
shaped,  0.25  mm.  in  diameter  in  its  posterior  and  thicker 
part.  At  level  of  second  third  of  esophagus,  0.65  mm.  from 
front  of  head,  on  each  side  a  pointed  papilla  projects  above 
the  cuticular  surface  (opening  of  cervical  glands).  No 
esophageal  bulb.  Intestine  straight.  Anus  (Fig.  4,  a) 
subterminal  (0.14  mm.  from  tip  of  tail).  Vulva  (Fig.  4,  b) 
prominent,  provided  with  thick  circular  lip,  0.65  mm.  anterior 
to  tip  of  tail.  Ova  (Fig.  5)  slightly  yellowish,  segmented, 
oval,  with  thin,  colorless,  unmarked  wall,  each  with  a  slight 
thickening  or  tubercle  at  one  pole;  measure  0.064  to  0.07  mm. 
in  length  and  0.038  to  0.04  mm.  in  width. 

Spiroptera  incerta,  n.  s.  (Plate  IX). 

Among  all  the  types  of  verminous  parasites  derived  from 
animals  in  the  Zoological  Gardens  in  the  series  studied  by 
the  writers  by  far  the  most  numerous  group  has  been  made  up 
of  a  small  nematode  obtained  from  the  proventricles  of  a 
number  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  bird  house,  in  which  it 
would  seem  that  a  well-marked  and  strictly  localized  endemic 
has  been  for  the  past  year  or  two,  and  is  now,  prevailing. 
The  material  studied  (Path.  Hist.,  1109,  1120,  1453,  1463, 
1613,  1616,  1618,  1619,  1620,1621,  1622,  1623,  1624,  1625, 
1626,  1627,  1628,  1629,  1630,  1631,  1644,  1661,  1672,  1675, 
1686)  includes  examples  obtained  at  autopsy  from  twenty- 
five  birds,  the  parasites  invariably  occupying  the  proventricle 
and  some  times  also  being  found  in  small  numbers  in  the 
gizzard.  The  specimens,  while  often  found  free  in  the  mass 


61 

of  mucus  and  fond  occupying  the  proventrii •!(•,  were  commonly 
found  with  tin-  head  end  emlicdded  in  the  more  or  less  dis- 
integrated lining  membrane  of  (lie  proventriele;  the  resulting 
mass  often  completely  obslrucling  the  lnl>c  and  preventing 
the  passage  of  food.  The  parasito  varied  much  in  the  nuni- 
IHT  found  in  each  liird,  the  smallest  number  in  the  series  being 
two  in  a  valley  <|iiail,  and  tlie  largest  one  hundred  and  thirty- 
four  in  a  Hosehill  parrakeet;  commonly  the  grade  of  infest- 
ment  was  represented  In  twenty  to  forty  worms;  and  generally 
the  females  outnumbered  the  males  by  alxnit  three  or  four 
or  more  to  one.  As  a  rule,  in  the  case  of  infestment  by  larval 
or  immature  worms  the  nuintar  of  parasites  found  ranged 
high,  nearly  a  hundred  or  more  than  a  hundred;  from  which 
it  is  suggested  that  ordinarily  in  the  course  of  parasitism  a 
number  of  the  worms  are  dislodged  from  the  proventriele, 
passed  through  the  host's  intestine  and  discharged.  There 
is  no  evidence  leading  to  the  supposition  that  the  adult 
parasites  may  locally  produce  the  young  forms;  and  in  the  few 
instances  in  which  larval  and  partially  developed  or  mature 
forms  were  encountered  together  the  probability  is  that  there 
took  place  repeated  infestment.  Six  of  the  birds  were  in- 
fested by  larval  worms.  One  of  these  showed  both  larva* 
and  fully  developed  anil  gravid  adults,  the  rest  either  larvn? 
alone  or  larvae  and  immature  adult  forms.  AH  of  the  latter 
birds  were  relatively  recent  admissions  to  the  Gardens  at  time 
of  death,  having  been  in  the  collection  from  one  or  two  to  six 
or  eight  weeks.  The  one  host  having  both  gravid  adult  worms 
and  larvae  had  been  in  the  collection  over  a  year  prior  to  its 
death;  and,  with  the  exception  of  three  birds  mentioned 
below  as  possibly  introducing  the  parasites  into  the  collection. 
the  hosts  were  all  inhabitants  of  the  Gardens  for  several 
months  to  several  years.  From  this  it  is  suggested  that  the 
period  required  from  the  development  from  the  egg  to  the 
mature  adult  stage  is  somewhere  within  six  or  eighl  weeks. 

There  is  no  positive  information  as  to  the  time  when  first 
the  parasites   appeared  in  the  collection;   and   their  source 


62 

is  not  clear.  The  first  record  (Path.  Hist.,  1109;  August  28, 
1906)  concerned  a  Guatemalan  amazon  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  790) 
and  contains  the  statement  that  this  was  one  of  three  birds 
showing  the  same  parasites  and  same  anatomical  findings; 
that  the  three  birds  had  been  recently  purchased  for  the 
collection,  and  that  one  died  within  two  days  after  its  recep- 
tion; that  they  were  placed  in  separate  cages  on  their  arrival, 
and  that  no  other  birds  in  the  same  portion  of  the  house 
presented  the  same  features  of  disease  as  these;  that  bunches 
of  mucus  containing  the  worms  were  found  in  the  lower 
third  of  the  distended  esophagus  in  all  three,  acute  enteritis 
in  two,  chronic  enteritis  in  one,  and  parenchymatous  degenera- 
tion of  all  the  organs  in  all  three.  From  this  time  forward 
the  records  of  discovery  have  been  numerous,  including  all 
twenty-five  birds  here  referred  to,  as  well  as  four  or  five  more 
received  since  the  present  series  was  completed.  The  earlier 
examples  and  the  greater  number  have  been  obtained  from 
parrakeets  and  allied  birds;  but,  evidently  from  unusual 
conditions  prevailing  in  the  bird  house  for  the  dissemination 
of  the  parasites,  they  have  been  found  distributed  in  a 
variety  of  species,  in  several  genera,  and  even  in  several 
families  of  hosts.  The  birds  thus  far  found  infested  include 
the  following;  Conurus  pertinax,  two  birds  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab., 
1125,  1042);  Ccmurus  leucotis,  one  bird  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  1076); 
Chrysalis  guatemalas,  one  bird  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  790);  Chrysotis 
leucoccphalus,  one  bird  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  1131);  Chrysotis 
auripalliata,  one  bird  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  910;)  Chrysotis  ochrop- 
tera,  one  bird  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  891);  Platycercus  eximius, 
five  birds  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  843,  850,  862,  867,  889);  Platy- 
cercus barnardi,  one  bird  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  1004);  Platycercus 
palladiceps,  two  birds  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  876(?),  877);  Bol- 
borhynchus  monachus,  two  birds  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  1049,  1164); 
Bolborhynchus  lineola,  one  bird  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  871);  Pal- 
ceornis  fasciatus,  one  bird  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  1052);  Protogerys 
virescens,  one  bird  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  422);  Eclectus  roratus, 
one  bird  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  1152);  Pceocephalus  senegalus,  one 


«3 

bird  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  823);  and  Lophorlyx  calif ornicus,  one 
bird  (P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  997).  Recently,  but  not  included  in  the 
present  series,  several  of  the  pigeon  family  have  also  been 
found  similarly  infested. 

From  the  very  serious  alterations  found  in  the  ]>n>ventricle 
there  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  serious  importance  of  these 
parasites  to  the  host,  which  unquestionably  may  by  a  serious 
grade  of  infestment  be  killed  by  the  worms.  In  their  earlier 
studies  of  the  matter  the  writers  searched,  but  in  vain,  for 
the  presence  of  larva*  in  the  blood  on  the  supposition  that  the 
parasites  were  true  h'laria-;  but  later  determined  the  fact  that 
the  larva-laden  ova  are  passed  through  the  alimentary  canal 
and  are  to  be  found  in  numbers  in  the  fecal  discharges. 
Search  for  an  intermediate  host  has  thus  far  been  unavailing, 
the  roaches,  mice,  and  rats  in  the  bird  house  having  been 
repeatedly  examined  without  success.  Tentatively,  therefore, 
the  idea  has  been  adopted  that  the  ova  with  their  enclosed 
larva?,  protected  by  the  thick  and  firm  walls  of  the  eggs,  are 
mechanically  distributed,  as  by  air  currents,  with  dust  from 
one  cage  to  another,  and  in  this  manner  get  into  the  food  or 
water  of  each  bird  and  are  swallowed  therewith  and  develop 
from  the  egg  within  the  mouth,  esophagus,  or  proventricle 
of  the  new  host.  Based  upon  this  view,  it  has  been  urged  to 
the  keepers  of  the  collection  that  the  cages  are  to  be  kept 
scrupulously  clean,  and,  after  the  death  of  a  bird  or  its 
transference,  that  the  cages  be  sterilized.  Apparently  under 
such  precautions  there  is  some  diminution  of  the  occur- 
rence of  the  parasites;  but  the  interval  has  been  too  brief  to 
permit  certainty  in  this  direction  at  the  present  time. 

The  structural  characteristics  of  the  worms  are  constant; 
but  there  is  considerable  variation  in  size  of  the  mature  speci- 
mens as  obtained  from  different  hosts,  and  often  among  the 
examples  obtained  from  a  single  bird.  The  average  maxi- 
mum length  of  fully  developed  females  was  a  little  over  14  mm. ; 
thickness,  0.45  mm.;  average  maximum  length  of  males. 
8  mm.;  thickness,  0.31  mm.  The  smallest  adults  were 


64 

occasionally  but  little  more  than  half  the  size  of  the  average; 
the  largest  female  observed  in  the  entire  material  was  20.5  mm. 
long  and  0.6  mm.  in  diameter;  the  largest  male  observed, 
12  mm.  long  and  0.35  mm.  in  diameter.  The  largest  examples 
were  found  in  the  conures  and  in  the  Senegal  parrot.  The 
worms  are  of  filarial  shape  (Fig.  1),  long  and  slender,  cylin- 
drical in  section,  rigid  and  colorless.  Thickest  level  of 
females  at  about  two  thirds  of  length  from  head;  of  males, 
near  middle  of  body  length.  From  these  levels  the  speci- 
mens taper  anteriorly  in  delicate  manner  to  the  head  end, 
which  at  base  of  lips  in  a  female  of  12  mm.  length  measured 
0.08  mm.  in  diameter  (0.06  mm.  in  male  somewhat  over  8  mm. 
in  length).  Posteriorly  the  females  taper  uniformly  and 
finely  to  an  acutely  conical  straight  tail  (Fig.  6),  with  the  tip 
slightly  inclined  dorsally;  the  tail  of  the  male  a  little  less 
acutely  conical  and  curled  ventrally.  Cuticle  finely  striated 
transversely,  transparent;  and  on  each  side  at  the  head  end 
the  cuticle  is  raised  into  an  uncertain  and  asymmetrical 
expansion  (Fig.  2)  with  crenulated  margin  (in  the  female 
used  for  measurements  reaching  1  mm.  backward  from  head 
on  one  side  and  less  than  half  this  distance  on  the  other). 
The  head  (Figs.  4  and  5)  is  small  and  is  provided  with  six 
lips.  Of  these,  two  are  large,  thick  lateral  lips  (Fig.  4,  a), 
with  broad  and  nearly  straight  anterior  border,  the  sides 
incurved  and  the  base  about  half  the  length  of  the  anterior 
free  border.  These  lips  are  armed  with  three  prominent 
conical  teeth  on  the  anterior  border;  on  their  external  sur- 
face, from  base  to  anterior  border,  extends  a  depressed  median 
line,  on  each  side  of  which  the  lip  substance  rises  in  a  rounded 
elevation.  Midway  between  the  free  border  and  base  on  the 
external  surface  is  a  horizontal  row  of  three  small  and  easily 
overlooked  papillae.  On  either  side  of  these  lateral  teeth  is  a 
smaller  submedian  lip  (Fig.  4,  b  and  c)  with  rounded  margin 
and  broad  base,  unarmed.  Dorsally  and  ventrally  between 
the  two  adjacent  submedian  lips  is  a  sharp-edged  prominence 
projecting  into  the  oral  cavity  (Fig.  4,  e  and  /)  looking  from 


65 

the  outside  like  an  interlabial  tooth.  About  (lie  bases  of  tin- 
lips  the  body  cuticle  rises  into  a  collar  of  small  and  irregular 
eminences.  Tin-re  is  a  well-marked  oral  cavity  (Fig.  5, /), 
the  base  lying  about  the  same  distance  back  of  the  base  of  the 
lips  as  the  lateral  lips  rise  in  height  above  their  base;  base 
of  cavity  horizontal,  its  lateral  walls  rising  from  it  at  nearly 
right  angles.  Tlie  esophagus  i  Figs.  1 ,  2,  and  f>,  g)  is  long  and 
slender  (in  male  of  over  s  mm.  length  it  measures  2..")  mm.  in 
length;  in  female  of  ll'.  mm.  length,  15..")  mm.);  for  a  short 
distance  from  the  base  of  the  oral  cavity  it  is  thin-walled  and 
narrow,  thereafter  widening  and  becoming  thicker-walled  and 
definitely  muscular.  It  opens  into  the  intestine  by  a  rather 
prominent  valve-like  arrangement.  The  intestine  is  straight 
and  o|H-ns  in  the  female  snbterminally  il).2  mm.  from  tip  of 
tail);  and  in  the  male  a  little  more  anteriorly  (0.35  mm.  from 
tip  of  tail)  in  a  cloaca.  Caudal  end  of  male  (Fig.  8)  provided 
with  lateral  alar  cuticular  expansions  (not  quite  symmetrical) 
supported  at  base  by  irregular  and  small  rays  from  the  body 
wall,),  enclosing  a  bursa.  The  cuticle  within  this  bursa  is 
arranged  in  long  rectangular  plates,  running  in  the  long  axis 
of  the  worm  and  contrasting  sharply  with  the  transverse 
stria-  of  the  rest  of  the  cuticle.  Within  this  bursa  are  ten 
pairs  of  papilla-  and  one  unpaired  precloacal  papilla.  These 
are  arranged  as  follows  from  tip  of  tail  forward:  Nos.  1,  2,  3, 
and  4  (Figs.  8  and  9)  are  quite  small  and  situated  just  in 
front  of  tip  of  tail,  No.  2  (smaller  than  No.  3)  and  No.  3 
nearly  on  same  level  (No.  2  median  to  No.  3);  equal  dis- 
tances between  Nos.  1,  3,  and  4.  No.  5  is  about  half-way 
between  tip  of  tail  and  cloaca,  larger  than  the  alx>ve;  No.  6 
about  half-way  between  No.  5  and  cloaca,  this  pair  not 
entirely  symmetrical;  No.  7  at  or  just  in  front  of  cloaca; 
Nos.  8,  9,  and  10  in  row  anterior  to  No.  7,  and  separated 
from  No.  7  and  each  other  successively  by  uniformly  increas- 
ing distances.  Nos.  5, 6, 7, 8, 9,  and  10,  and  the  unpaired  pre- 
cloacal papilla,  considerably  larger  than  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  and  4. 
Male  spicules  unequal.  Testicular  tubes  plicated  along  the 
intestine. 


66 

In  the  female  there  are  two  ovarian  tubes,  anterior  and 
posterior,  which  with  their  oviducts  lie  densely  folded  along 
the  intestine,  nearly  hiding  the  latter  in  the  greater  part  of 
the  length  of  the  worm.  These  unite  into  a  short  and  incon- 
spicuous uterine  and  vaginal  tube,  which  opens  ventrally 
at  an  easily  overlooked  vulvar  orifice  (Fig.  1 ,  v)  within  the  first 
third  of  the  length  of  the  worm.  Ova  (Fig.  7)  are  colorless, 
elliptical  in  shape,  with  thick  walls,  each  containing  a  more 
or  less  well-developed  larval  worm.  They  measure  as  an 
average  38  micromillimeters  in  length  and  18  micromillimeters 
in  transverse  diameter  (small  examples  as  low  as  34  x  16; 
largest  examples  as  high  as  42  x  20  micromillimeters). 

The  larval  forms  met  were,  as  a  rule,  but  2  or  3  millimeters 
in  length,  and  often  showed  some  appearance  as  of  undergoing 
moult,  the  old  cuticle  separating  about  the  tail  end  of  the 
worm.  The  mouth  parts  were  less  complex  than  in  the 
adults.  In  the  young  sexual  forms  about  the  only  feature 
of  importance  noted  was  the  fact  of  the  lack  of  development 
of  the  bursa  by  the  formation  of  the  lateral  caudal  expansions, 
the  papillae  being,  however,  seen  as  in  the  older  examples. 

Spiroptera  (?)  iguana,  n.  s.  (Plate  X,  Figs.  1  to  3). 

From  the  lung  of  a  Cuban  iguana,  Cyclura  nubila  (P.  Z.  G. 
Lab.,  1127),  a  single  specimen  of  a  nematode  worm  (Path. 
Hist.,  1641)  was  submitted  for  identification,  in  bad  state  of 
preservation,  and  for  this  reason  mainly  permitting  only  the 
following  features  to  be  determined.  The  worm,  a  male, 
measured  30  mm.  in  length  and  at  its  thickest  level  (near 
middle  of  length)  0.6  mm.  in  thickness.  It  was  colorless, 
rigid,  subcylindrical,  nearly  uniform  in  thickness  for  the 
greater  part  of  its  length,  but  anteriorly  tapering  to  a  rounded 
head  end  (which  at  0.02  mm.  back  of  the  mouth  measured 
0.14  mm.  in  diameter),  and  posteriorly  terminating  in  a 
bluntly  conical,  enrolled  tail  with  rounded  tip.  Cuticle 
finely  striated  transversely;  worm  polymyarial.  Mouth 


69 

very  small  (0.02  nun.  in  diameter),  the  tissue  about  tin-  head 
end  rather  lm<lly  broken,  and  (lie  detail^  of  nirintli  structure 
uncertain.  ( Apparently  there  arc  (line  minute  lips,  four 
sided,  with  broad  base,  the  anterior  margin  ncarlv  straight 
and  not  as  wide  as  base,  the  lateral  margins  convex;  each  lip 
with  a  single  median  prominence.)  No  biiecal  capsnlc. 
Esophagus  long  and  slender,  with  triradiate  lumen,  without 
bulb,  but  widening  posteriorly  in  delicate  clavate  manner 
In-fore  opening  into  intestine.  Ventral  surface  of  tail  flat- 
tened to  concave;  uncertain  from  cnticidar  damage  as  to  exist- 
ence of  cuticular  expansions  here  and  the  formation  thereby  of 
a  definite  bursa.  Tail  tightly  enrolled;  tip  of  tail  rounded, 
slightly  constricted  from  the  body  of  the  tail,  with  several 
uncertain  papilla-like  prominences  along  its  border  as  shown 
in  drawing  (Fig.  1).  Cloaca  0.3  mm.  from  caudal  end. 
Genital  spicules  (Fig.  2,  a  and  a)  unequal  (0.27  arid  0.55  mm.), 
grooved,  the  accessory  piece  relatively  broad  and  flared  out 
at  distal  end  into  a  coarse  barb.  Eleven  pairs  of  papillae,  of 
which  six  are  precloacal;  all  closely  set  about  the  cloacal 
orifice,  the  most  posterior  being  0.21  and  the  most  anterior 
0.39  mm.  from  the  tip  of  the  tail. 

The  uncertainty  of  specific  classification  is  seriously  in- 
creased by  the  poor  condition  of  the  specimen  and  the  fact 
that  no  female  examples  were  obtained.  The  fact  of  the 
existence  of  six  pairs  of  precloacal  papilla-  would  render 
doubtful  the  propriety  of  regarding  it  among  the  filaripc- 
or  spiroptene;  but  until  further  information  is  had  the  writers 
feel  that  the  general  features  warrant  a  tentative  retention 
among  the  spiropterae,  and  would  propose  the  specific  name 
of  Spiropiera  iguanae. 

Dispharagus  ardece,  n.  s.  (Plate  X,  Figs.  4  to  6). 

The  following  description  is  based  upon  a  single  female 
specimen  (Path.  Hist.,  1681;  No.  65,  Synopsis,  this  journal) 
obtained  from  a  North  American  blue  heron,  Ardea  herodias, 


68 

(P.  Z.  G.  Lab.,  1158),  the  same  bird  from  which  were  also 
obtained  the  examples  of  ascarides  above  described  under 
the  name  Ascaris  ardece.  The  precise  part  of  the  alimentary 
tract  from  which  the  specimen  was  derived  cannot  be  stated, 
inasmuch  as  the  notes  of  autopsy  merely  mention  the  fact 
that  the  parasites,  including  the  ascarides,  fragments  of  a 
tapeworm  (T.  unilateralis,  Duj.),  and  the  present  specimen, 
were  "found  in  the  proventricle,  stomach,  and  intestine." 
Presumably  the  worm  was  a  solitary  example  of  its  species 
in  the  host,  being  found  alone  and,  although  apparently 
fully  developed,  having  no  ova  in  its  genital  tubes.  The 
specimen  measures  17  mm.  in  length  and  0.7  mm.  in  diameter 
at  thickest  level,  near  the  middle  of  the  body  length;  slightly 
attenuate  anteriorly,  tapering  very  much  less  posteriorly  until 
close  to  the  end  of  the  tail,  where  it  suddenly  contracts  into  a 
conical  tip  bent  strongly  upon  the  dorsum.  Specimen  rigid, 
colorless;  cuticle  rather  coarsely  striated  transversely.  At 
the  head  end,  beginning  at  the  base  of  the  prominent  lateral 
lip  on  each  side,  there  pass  two  raised  sinuous  lines,  sub- 
median,  backward  to  nearly  the  middle  of  the  body  length, 
extending  then  dorsally  and  ventrally  respectively  to  join 
similar  lines  upon  the  opposite  side  of  the  worm.  The  head 
at  base  of  the  lips  measures  0.15  mm.  in  transverse  diameter. 
Two  lateral  lips,  each  with  double  papilhp.  Esophagus 
2  mm.  in  length,  made  up  of  two  portions,  an  anterior  narrow 
portion  0.8  mm.  long  and  0.05  to  0.09  mm.  in  diameter, 
which  suddenly  enters  a  second  wider  portion  1.2  mm.  long 
and  about  0.2  mm.  in  diameter.  Intestine  simple  and  straight. 
Anus  0.35  mm.  from  tip  of  tail.  At  level  of  anus  the  body 
suddenly  narrows  to  form  the  conical  end  of  the  tail,  present- 
ing on  each  side  of  the  anal  orifice  a  marked  ventrolateral 
rounded  (mammillary)  prominence.  Vulva  near  middle  of 
body  length.  Specimen  non-gravid. 


1-W   J  >GRAPH 


